NO2 as a toxic gas in the environment and industry, is abundantly produced and needs to be detected. In this research, the measurement of NO2 gas using ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles made through a simple co-precipitation, process has been investigated. The structure and surface morphology of the prepared samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The X-ray diffraction spectrum shows that the structure of the sample is well formed without impurities. Electron microscope images show that the nanoparticles are formed as nanoplates with an average thickness of 30 nm. Gas sensing measurements were performed by exposing the sensor to %0. 5 of NO2 gas at temperatures between 150 ℃ and 375 ℃. The measurements made in terms of temperature showed the maximum response at the temperature of 300 ℃, to %0. 5 of NO2 gas. Also, the ZnMn2O4 sensor showed a repeatable and stable electrical signal. Therefore, ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles have a promising potential in the field of gas sensors.

NO2 is not only a potential air pollutant in urban and industrial environments but also a precursor for smog of urban environment that is another ozone pollutant as well. Some of the urban environments in Iran have high tropospheric and near surface NO2 which requires research attentions especially in these years. That is the issue of concern in the present study using satellite data of OMI from 2004 to 2012. Here, we compare the trends of NO2 for some cities of Iran while looking at the correlation between the near surface values of NO2 and that of the tropospheric column values.

Ischemic preconditioning is a technique where prior application of repeated short cycles of ischemia and reperfusion would be able to attenuate the severity of the subsequent ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI). Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) describes the ability of the technique to function through distance. For example, the application of short, repetitive ischemia-reperfusion cycles of the limb would protect distant organs like heart, kidney, brain, and liver during subsequent IRI. Both phenomena indicate the involvement of local, paracrine, as well as remote circulating mediators [1].

Background: NO2 is a poisonous gas that potential to cause major threat to human being health and the environment, as a result, removing this gas from environment seems to be essential.Methods: The study aimed to remove this gas from environment using Iranian natural zeolite, clinoptilolite. After crushing and preparing two sizes of 1 and 2 mm zeolite they were activated in 380 to 420 oC for 20 minutes. NO2 was produced by reaction of copper (Cu) and nitric acid (HNO3) and diluted with enough air to achieve desired concentration. A laboratory reactor set with different concentration of NO2 (20, 30, and, 45 ppm), flows through the zeolite absorbent bed was prepared. Different parameters affected NO2 absorption, such as concentration, height, and diameter of zeolite bed, zeolite granulation, and activation temperature were examined.Results: In different condition, the adsorption range of the zeolite for NO2 was varied from 0.35% W for 2mm granulation and the 20 ppm concentration to 1.5% W using 1mm granulation and 45 ppm concentration of NO2. Activation temperature of 420 oC for 20 min was the best condition removing NO2. Efficiency of 1mm granulation was higher than 2mm.Conclusion: Reducing parameters such as height and diameter of zeolite bed decreased but increasing concentration of gas flow increased adsorption capacity of zeolite. Using Iranian zeolite in gas masks still not recommended.

Background and Objective: Today, laparoscopic surgeries, because of reducing postoperative complications, are increasingly developing. Intraperitoneal insufflations of CO2 and systemic absorption of it during laparoscopy results in hypercarbia. Using N2O during maintenance of anesthesia in these patients can enhance hypercarbia. This is because N2O increases the volume of pneumoperitoneum. This study was performed to determine the effect of N2O in enhancing hypercarbia during laparoscopy. Methods: Sixty Patients, with physical status I or II, undergoing outpatient diagnostic gynecologic laparoscopy according to ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) scaling took part in this clinical and single blind trial, and were randomly divided in to two groups, each with 30 patients. In all patients, general anesthesia with end tracheal intubation was administered. The technique of anesthesia and ventilation were the same in all patients. Only, during the maintenance of anesthesia, N2O was not administered to group I (control) of patients, but in group II (case), patients received N2O, in 50% concentration in oxygen. The variables under study were evaluated and recorded at certain times and finally the data were analyzed using chi-square test, student t-test and EPI-5 software. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of demographic data, homodynamic variables (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and electrocardiogram changes), oxygen saturation, and the use of any additional analgesic drug (instead of N2O in group I). Comparing the End tidal CO2 (Etco2) in two groups indicated that Etco2 increases in those patients who used N2O during maintenance of anesthesia (p=0.02). Conclusions: With regard to significant difference between two groups in the enhancement of intraoperative hypercarbia (although it was not associated with homodynamic changes in this study), it is better not to use N2O in general anesthesia for laparoscopic procedures.

Background & Aims of the Study: As an air pollutant, NO2 reacts with ammonia, moisture and other compounds to form small particles. These small particles may cause or aggravate respiratory diseases and exacerbate existing heart diseases, leading to increased hospital admissions and premature death. In this study, the AirQ2.2.3 model was used to evaluate adverse health effects caused by NO2 exposure in Ahvaz city (Iran) during 2009.Materials & Methods: The adverse health effects of NO2 as an air pollutant in Ahvaz city at 2009 were calculated by AirQ2.2.3 utilizing relative risk and baseline incidence related to health end point defaults. NO2 data were taken from Ahvaz Department of Environment. These data were in volumetric base. Health effects are being related to the mass of pollutants inhaled and this is why the AirQ model was on gravimetric basis. So, there was a conflict between AirQ model and “Ahvaz Department of Environment (ADoE)” data. Conversion between volumetric and gravimetric units (correction of temperature and pressure), coding, processing (averaging) and filtering are implemented for solving such problem.Results: Approximately 3% of total cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease happened when the NO2 concentrations was more than 20 mg/m3. Low percentage of the observed health endpoints was associated with low concentration of measured NO2. The lower level of relative risk value may be achieved if some control strategies for reducing NO2 emission are used.Conclusions: Therefore, the higher relative risk value can depict mismanagement in urban air quality.

Background & Aims: Nitrogen dioxide can cause changes in the tissues of kidney, liver, and heart and also may weaken the immune system against infectious diseases. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of quantifying and estimating health effects attributed to NO2 pollutant in Urmia city in2013.Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, after validating the hourly concentration ofNO2 according to the standards of WHO along with required primary and secondary processing, the health effects and related mortality rates were estimated by the standard software of AirQ2.2.3 based on the pollutant concentration and the exposure of people.Results: The results of this study indicated that the average annual concentration of NO2 in Urmia city was approximately 2.2 times greater than national standards and WHO guidelines. The total mortality, the cumulative number of mortality due to CVD, and the cumulative number of HA-COPD were estimated to be 89, 50, and 14 cases in 2013, respectively.Conclusion; With regard to the health effects attributed to nitrogen dioxide pollutants in the air of Urmia city, the management of air pollution control and traffic engineering is absolutely necessary for this metropolis.