Selseleh and Delfan counties located in the NORTH and NORTH West of Lorestan are very important with having Sites and remains of Parthian period. Abundance and dispersion of these Sites is the demonstrative of this area in Parthian period. The studied area is located in the divide of Sefidkouh and Garrein which is a part of central Zagros and its environment appearance includes Valleys, Mountain plains and mountainous with a land – measurement amount to 4000 Km square. According to Archaeological studies and surface data there have been found about 519 ancient monument and sites from Paleolithic to recent Islamic period in this area which 307 of them had remains of Parthian period. Although a number of temporary Sites are probably nameless. Dating of These Sites is generally accomplished based on the surface data (Clinky-painted – glazed and simple) and acquired results from archaeological studies allude to Parthian settlements and their different living methods that it can be acquired very important documents to reconstructing economic and living methods of their aboriginal according to digging in the main Sites. In addition, in the present paper, it has been attempted to address several questions including: how have the settlements been distributed during the Parthian period in these regions? What could have been the reasons for the increase of Parthian settlements compared to the previous and later periods in these areas? How can the lack of large-scale settlements of the Parthian period in these regions be explained? Dispersion appearance of these ancient Sites also indicates that the most of the settlements in this area have been in the form of relatively small rural units. Although in this area there are not any evidences of urban centers – but acquired results from the study demonstrates the continual and effective presence of Parthians in the area.

Understanding the physical characteristics of any particular regional climate features can play major role in land use planning. Climatic zoning of each region to identify possible environment and to exploit them, and to know the limitations and hazards in order to anticipate, is essential. According to the environmental and religious diversity, of climate on the NORTHern and NORTH-west of Iran, in this study the climatic zoning of the area was carried out. For this purpose, the data from annual average of 18 elements in 34 synoptic stations in the climate region with a common 21-year period (1985-2005) were used. The methods of factor and cluster analyses were used for this study. The factor analysis with principal components method, 18 elements in 5 regional climatic factors were summarized. These factors, in order of importance the factors humidity-precipitation, temperature, wind, thunder and dust. A total of 93.35% of these factors explain the behavior of the local climate. After determining factor, using cluster analysis method based on the integration, and the measure of distance, as well as regional stations were grouped according to the operating characteristics. The station had parallels in a climate group and thus 10 different climatic areas in the NORTH and NORTH-west of Iran were identified.

Background and Objectives: Diarrhea is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, specially in developing countries. One of the most important causative agents of bacterial diarrhea is diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) which causes gastroenteritis and this group involving enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemoragic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), diffusely adherence E. coli (DAEC). The aim of this study was to identify different E. coli pathotypes in NORTH and NORTH-west of Iran, among the clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: In this study for identification of E. coli, 170 fecal samples were cultured on MacConkey agar and identified by biochemical tests. Samples with E. coli characteristics were selected (145 samples) and their genomes were purified by phenol-chloroform method. After extraction of genomes, lt and sta genes identified by PCR for ETEC, eae gene for atypical and eae and bfp for typical EPEC, AA region for EAEC, stx1 and stx2 and eae genes for EHEC (stx1 or stx2 or both for STEC) and invE for EIEC. Results: Finally 10 samples identified as ETEC (%5. 88), 18 (%10. 58) EPEC, 6 (%3. 52) EHEC and 12 (7. 05%) samples were STEC. None of the samples were positive for EAEC and EIEC. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed that ETEC, EPEC, EHEC and STEC are prevalent bacterial agents in NORTH and NORTH-west of Iran. Complementary studies to identify these pathotypes in other seasons can help to adopt necessary policies against outbreaks in Iran.

Studying about Business situation in different regions is the first step to identify the barriers and benefits of the business environment must be taken in economic policy and planning to be more efficient and effective. The aim of the present study is based on NORTH Khorasan Business Space pathology. In this paper the impact of business component in a monitoring field is studied. For this purpose, 58 of active investors in the province, as a sample group, were interviewed about the impact of business component on investment and the results their opinions were analyzed in SPSS and Excel. The results indicate that two components have the greatest impact on the ravages of economic activity in recent years in this province. One of them is government political stability and the other one is policies and regulations.