Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used as analgesics and antipyretics in viral infections, as supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment. However, their role in the course of the illness is still ambiguous. Several experimental evidences carried out on various viral infections about the role of NSAIDs in the course of illness are contradictory,some reported possible antiviral effects and some negate it. NSAIDs inhibit PGs and also have their own actions on immune system and viruses. NSAIDs have stimulatory effects on T lymphocytes, Nitric Oxide (NO) and interferons, but inhibitory effects on neutrophils, macrophages and antibodies formation. NSAIDs are used as adjunctive treatment in infectious diseases in which cytokines storm plays a role in the pathogenicity. However, in other studies their effects on immune system were associated with unresolved symptoms and complications. The worth saying in this entity is the evidence-based studies of antimicrobial activity of NSAIDs. NSAIDs are proven to inhibit the entry of virus to the cells like in ZIKV, as well as they inhibit the replication of many viruses like the inhibitory effect of naproxen on SARS-CoV-2 replication. However, they fail to show any direct antiviral activity in adenovirus infections, and Ibuprofen increases the shedding of RSV in a bovine model. Indeed, there are many contradictory published studies between various viruses, patients’,cases, and whether it’, s a study on animals or humans. More randomized clinical trials are mandatory to exactly elucidate if use of NSAIDs, during viral infections especially COVID-19, modify and abort the course of viral infection by exerting beneficial therapeutic effects or the use of them is accompanied by delirious hazards and negatively impact the health of the patient.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) can cause sever gastrointestinal problem by affecting the prostaglandin synthesis. Therefore it is necessary for high risk patients to receive prophylactic treatment in case of NSAID administration. In that case the drug of choice would be omeprazole. If a patient take in NSAID develops duodenal or gastric ulcer, he or she should discontinue it and be treated, other wise maintenance treatment, preferably omeprazole should be taken. Regarding the relation between helicobacter pylori and NSAID induced ulcers. There still exists a host of debate and more research is necessary.  

Background and aims: Clinical and laboratory studies show that taking aspirin and ibuprofen during chemotherapy or before breast cancer reduces the number of cancer cells and prevents their transmission. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of cells after cell treatment with these two drugs. Methods: This study examined the effects of aspirin and ibuprofen, in combination and independently, at two concentrations of 5 μ, L and 10 μ, L on the mechanical properties of MCF-7 cancer cells. Next, it compared them with the mechanical properties of healthy MCF-10 cells. The mechanical properties of the cells were measured using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) device. Finally, the Young’, s modulus and the deformation of all cell groups were calculated and examined. Results: Our results showed that the deformation chart of cancer cells approached that of healthy cells using aspirin and ibuprofen. In addition, the numerical value of Young’, s modulus in MCF-7 when using 10 μ, L of aspirin compared to other treatment groups had the highest value close to Young’, s modulus of healthy cells. Conclusion: Using the separate or combined use of aspirin and ibuprofen, the mechanical properties of cancer cells were closer to those of healthy cells. The viable metastatic cell count probably decreased due to increased stiffness in cancer cell lines using aspirin and ibuprofen.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are two major causes of gastroduodenal mucosal damages. The results of the epidemiological studies in relation to interaction between H. pylori and NSAIDs on the development of mocusal damages are conflicting. The present study was designed to determine the association of H. pylori and NSAIDs with peptic ulcers (PU) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Materials and Methods: Patients with acute GIB and patients with dyspepsia who have referred for upper endoscopy were assessed with regard to history of using NSAIDs and H. pylori infection. In statistical analysis the frequency of gastroduodenal lesions and GIB were determined and compared. The association of peptic ulcers and GIB with H. pylori and NSAIDs was determined by calculation of odds ratio (OR).Results: 104 patients with GIB and 102 dyspeptic patients with mean ages of 48±20 and 44±18 years respectively were studied. 51% of patients with GIB and 34 % of patients with dyspepsia were taking NSAIDs (P<0.025). The risk of doudenal ulcer (DU) and bleeding in NSAIDs users was significantly higher than non-users (OR=4.3, P=0.021); and (OR=2.54, P=0.012) respectively. H. pylori infection was also associated with increased risk of DU compared with non-infected patients, (OR=23.33, P=0.000), but the risk of GU and bleeding in H. pylori infected patients was significantly lower than non-infected patients (OR=0.18, P=0.019). Presence of both H. pylori and NSAIDs significantly increased the risk of DU (OR=20.57, P<0.000) but non-significantly decreased the risk of GU (OR=0.38, P<0.193) without increasing the risk of GIB. H. pylori infection in NSAIDs users compared with non-infected users significantly increased the risk of DU (OR=4.78, P=0001) and decreased the risk of GU (OR=0.18, P=0.015), the risk of GIB did not increase significantly (OR= 0.54, P=013).Conclusions: The findings of this study show that, either H. pylori or NSAIDs increase the risk of DU and bleeding, but H. pylori infection has a protective effect in reducing GU and bleeding in NSAIDs users and non-users.