The Book OFFER is a new section in the "Ayeneh Pazhuhesh" journal where we introduce new books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art of Muslim societies. Our priority is to introduce books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable publishers. The three books introduced in this issue are: A Social History of Late Ottoman Women, New Perspective The Abbasid Caliphate: A History Constructions of Gender in Late Antique Manichaean Cosmological Narrative

The Book OFFER is a new section in the "Ayeneh Pazhouhesh" Journal, dedicated to introducing new books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art in Muslim societies. Our priority is to introduce books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable university publishers. Two books introduced in this issue are: Pre-Islamic Arabia: Societies Politics Cults and Identities during Late Antiquity Religion, Orientalism and Modernity: Mahdi Movements of Iran and South Asia

The Book OFFER is a new section in the Ayeneh Pazhuhesh journal, dedicated to introducing new books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art in Muslim societies. The priority is given to introducing books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable academic publishers. In this issue, three books are introduced: The World of the Ancient Silk Road" "Baghdad and Isfahan" "Land and Trade in Early Islam: The Economic History of the Islamic Middle East from 750 to 1050 AD"

Book Covenant is a new section in the Ayeneh Pazhuhesh journal where we introduce newly published books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art in Muslim societies. Our priority is to introduce books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable academic publishers. In this issue, we introduce three books: “The Modern Arabic Bible” “Judaism and Islam: Boundaries and Interactions” “Imagination of the Ancient World in Islamic Societies”

After industrial revolution in nineteenth century, some amazing improvements appeared in scientific field. Outbreak of these improvements in world society created a lot of new problems and made jurists to find solution. One of these accessions is firm OFFER. So about the effect of firm OFFER in the opposite of some jurists and lawyers we should say, OFFER is an unilateral juridical act that it doesn'tcreate any obligation for OFFERor, and he can withdraw of his OFFER in every time before acceptance. it means, it doesn't make any obligation, merely, by binding the OFFER with limited time. Unless, the OFFERor has extincted revocation right impliedly or expressly. So, about the tortious liability of withdrawer only by resort on the rule of la-zarar (or causing loss and damage is prohibited in Islam, through abusing one's own property) - according to this point that rule can be able to create ordinance - under some circumstances is obliged to compensate for another party's losses.

Government in serving and perform their duties compelled of consolation contract, in this contract simple all of them, the public Accuracy is necessity. In addition this terms, article 79 of calculation law, need the terms of tender and Auction in governments contracts. In first of formality until signature contract, three stage be traversed, publication notice tender and auction, suggestion price of parties, and in the final signature the contract. Multiplicity of this stages cause that difference among juristic what the OFFERs and what the accept, and when the contract is calculation. For removal this difference, determination OFFERs in government contract is necessity. In this article next of definition OFFER with expression that trait in law and jurisprudence of Iran, study the OFFER in government contracts, with accuracy in expression mentioned and with law and jurisprudence that subject, it seem signature is consolation contract.

introduction Land use is generally referred to as the use of land in the present state. Land cover and its changes can cause greenhouse gas emissions Which causes climate change. climate change and land use interact with each other. This matter is of great importance in sensitive areas especially in arid and desert areas. These areas are sensitive to climate change and land use. In the case of climate change detection, the drought study has been very much considered in recent years. Iran is one of the countries that has suffered heavy damage from this natural threat because of being in the dry and desert region of the world. Various researchers have pointed to the relationship between land and climate change around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between land use and land use planningin in relation to climate change. This research proposes the new Land Use Planning approach in relation to land use as a management tool for climate change mitigation and carbon footprint reduction. Introduction Land use is generally referred to as the use of land in the present state. Land cover and its changes can cause greenhouse gas emissions Which causes climate change. climate change and land use interact with each other. This matter is of great importance in sensitive areas especially in arid and desert areas. These areas are sensitive to climate change and land use. In the case of climate change detection, the drought study has been very much considered in recent years. Iran is one of the countries that has suffered heavy damage from this natural threat because of being in the dry and desert region of the world. Various researchers have pointed to the relationship between land and climate change around the world( Cuo, Zhang, Gao, Hao, Cairang, 2013; Delgado, Gaspari, Kruse, 2015). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between land use and land use planningin in relation to climate change. This research proposes the new Land Use Planning approach in relation to land use as a management tool for climate change mitigation and carbon footprint reduction. Material and methodes Introducing the study area Kashan watershed covers about 5574 square kilometers and Located in the north of Isfahan province and southwest of Tehran. The climaye of the study area is classified in dry or desert climate In the plain areas and it is classified in the semi-arid climate, in the mountainous regions according to Domartan method The tools and methods in this research include: A. Land use: In order to study land use changes, Landsat5 MSS images, 1985; Landsat-7 ETM+ images, 2000 and Landsat 8 OLI, 2017 were used. B. Climate change weather data available over the 30 year period from 1988 until 2017 at 7 meteorological stations: Kashan, Isfahan, Golpaiegan, Natanz, Meime, Ardestan, Najafabad(table1). This historical, data were obtained from the Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) The model was validated using three methods: 1. Coefficient of Determination(R^2), 2. root-mean-square error (RMSE), 3. Mean Squared Error )MAE) C. Low Carbon Land Use Planning(Green land use planning) Green land use planning(GLUP) is to determine the suitable use of each region based on its potential, so that a land use with lower carbon levels be selected in place of more carbon levels. C1. Standardization of constraints and limitations C2. Weighing the constraints and limitations C3. Multi-criteria evaluation by weighted linear combination (WLC) Research findings Classification of images The results of the changes shown tha t Agricultural land use area increased by 5. 7%, Bare land area by 0. 61%, and Residental area by 0. 32% of the total study area during the period (1985-2000). Range land, Sanddune, Salt land, Garden have decreased by 5. 05, 0. 92, 0. 57 and 0. 1% respectively. The results of Investigating the changes during the time period (2000-2017) show that Salt land, Residental and garden area increased by 12. 20, 1. 07 and 0. 28 percent, respectively, and Range land, agriculture, Bare land and Sanddune area were 5. 62, 4. 69, 2. 52 and 0. 73 percent, respectively. Validation of downscaling model The results of the indicators indicate that the SDSM model has a more accuracy than the daily scale in the monthly and seasonal and annual scales for the downscaling of the precipitation parameter in the studied watershed. And in general, this model has a good performance in downscaling region precipitation. The results of Validation of downscaling model Based on the results of the SDSM, RCP4. 5 predicts the lowest average rainfall of 0. 2 in December and the highest average rainfall of. 08 in May. Drought assessment The results of 12month spI index for overall study period during 1950-2050 show that in 1985 there was a drought in the range from 1. 5 to 1. 99, which indicates the sever drought on the studied area, In 2000, the drought is located in the 0. 99-99 range, which represents a near-normal drought. In 2017, the average 12-month SPI is reduced, and drought is in the 1. 99-to-1. 5-range, which indicates hard drought. Based on the SPI index for the next years 2030 (2011-2050), under the 4. 5 scenario, the drought is reduced compared to the baseline and is located on the range of-2 and less range, which indicates an sever drought, indicating that the monthly precipitation Will decrease in 2030 during the climate change. Evaluation of ecological land capability Ecological capability was evaluated for 8 land uses( Agriculture, range land, forestry, conservation, Extensive and intensive tourism and urban and rural development. Green Land Use Planning (Low Carbon Land Use Planning) The green land use planning map was created with priority for land uses with less water consumption and less carbon, to reduce the impact on climate change for the Kashan plain watershed. Reasults The trend of change in Kashan plain watershed shows that at the same time as the study began, the trend of climate change (1985) has increased the agricultural and residential and industrial land araes. In general, these applications have the greatest impact on the rate of evapotranspiration and reduction of water resources and increased greenhouse gas emissions. With the continuation of the climate change trend and the negative trend of drought, the agricultural land and Range land areas have decreased and increased against the salt land areas. This situation is due to the reduction of agricultural land efficiency due to soil salinity and drying of irrigation wells and the abandonment of these lands, especially in the salt lake and the northern lands of Aran, Bidgol, Abu Zayedabad and Nasr Abad.

Traditional insurance principles for insurability require that there should be sufficient demand to yield appropriate levels of income revenue for insurers to supply the coverage.We study the provision of earthquake insurance and investigate the number of factors influencing demand for earthquake insurance in metropolitan Tehran, Iran.We investigate whether individuals’ expected utility when insured is more than their expected utility when not insured. We also investigate empirically, the effect of individuals’ risk aversion on demand for earthquake insurance.The main results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the expected utility in the state of insurance is more than the expected utility in the state of no insurance. Second, the results show that individuals’ risk aversion is significantly related to demand for residential earthquake insurance.