Background: Gibberellic acids are naturally occurring plant hormones that are used in agriculture as plant regulators and enter animals and human cells through diet. This study was undertaken to investigate effects of gibberellic acid on testicular tissue of adult rats.Materials and Methods: Twenty seven adult male Wistar rats after a one week acclimatization period were randomly divided into three groups of 9 rats each. Control group was untreated, control-sham group received 0.5cc 1% methanol and gibberellic acid group was administered 10 mg/kg body weight gibberellic acid with oral gavage, every other day. The following factors were evaluated on 15th, 30th and 45th day of treatment: Body weight, testis weight, thickness of testicular capsule, seminiferous tubules diameter, thickness of seminiferous tubules epithelium (TSTE), meiotic index (MI), tubular differentiation index (TDI), repopulation index (RI) of seminiferous tubules, spermiogenesis index (SI), Leydig cell count (LeCC) and lymphatic cell count (LyCC).Results: There was no significant difference in first four factors between different groups and days. MI, TDI and SI of gibberellic acid only on 45th day decreased significantly in comparison with the other two groups. TSTE, RI and LeCC on days 30 and 45 of gibberellic acid treated group decreased and LyCC of this group in the same days increased significantly.Conclusion: It can be concluded that Gibberellic acid oral administration in adult rat with its deleterious effects on testicular tissue and spermatogenesis can lead to subfertility or even infertility.

Background: Gavage feeding is associated with adverse effects, such as irritations in the mouth, hyperactivity, problems in gag reflex, bradycardia, and the parents’ unacceptance. Accordingly, it is essential to undertake a comprehensive review of the effects of breast milk and other pleasant odors that may reduce the transition time from gavage to oral feeding in preterm infants. Objectives: Aim of review is to compare of effects of breast milk and other pleasant odors with the control group on the transition from gavage to oral feeding in preterm infants. Methods: In this systematic review, online English databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched without any time limitation up to February 10, 2022. The modified Jadad scale was also used to assess the quality of the articles. The inclusion criteria comprised all clinical trials evaluating the effect of aromatherapy on odors on the transition from gavage to oral feeding in preterm infants. Results: 8 studies were assessed with the effects of aroma inhalation on the transition from gavage to oral feeding. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that preterm infants transitioned from tube feeding (gavage) to oral feeding earlier in the groups stimulated by pleasant odors (standardized mean difference [SMD]=₋0. 47, 95% CI, ₋0. 64%, ₋0. 3%, heterogeneity, P=0. 32,I2=13%, 8 trials) and odor of breast milk (SMD=₋0. 61, 95% CI, ₋0. 64%, ₋0. 31%, heterogeneity, P=0. 85, I2=0%, 6 trials) in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis supports using breast milk and other pleasant odors as a safe and noninvasive way of reducing the transition time from gavage to oral feeding in preterm infants. Health providers should use effective and family-friendly interventions to care for their premature infants.

Background: Gibberellic acid (GBA) is a naturally occurring and commercially produced plant growth regulator which may cause a variety of effects including the stimulation of seed germination in some cases. Histochemical changes in testicular tissue including carbohydrates, lipids and alkaline phosphatase enzyme changes were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Twenty seven mature male rats after one week acclimatization period were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 served as control group and received no treatment; group 2 was controlsham group and received 1% methanol (which was career of Gibberellic acid) and finally group 3 received 10 mg/kg gibberellic acid. All administrations were with oral gavages (every other day). After sacrificing the rats on days 15, 30 and 45 of treatment period (3 rats per day per group) stained testicular slides were prepared. These stainings include Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) for carbohydrates, Sudan Black-B staining for lipids and Alkaline Phosphatase staining to evaluate alkaline phosphatase enzyme in testicular tissue.Results: In present study revealed that level of carbohydrates in three first spermatogenesis decreased in GBA group in comparison with other groups otherwise level of lipids increased. Furthermore, level of cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase enzyme in GBA group increased in spermatogenesis cells (especially spermatocyte I cells).Conclusion: According to obtained results, acid Gibberellic agent may have metabolic negative effects in spermatogenesis cells.