Agricultural universities have three well-known functions, including teaching, research and services. Unfortunately, in Iran the third function which means University OUTREACH Services, does not have positive impact on agricultural extension system. This research project was carried out aim to identification of strengthening mechanisms of university OUTREACH function in Iran’s agricultural extension system. This research was conducted based on survey strategy. Thus, data were gathered by questionnaire as research tool. Statistics population included three groups: agricultural university faculty members, extension faculty members and experts of Extension, Deputy of Jehad – e - Agriculture Ministry. Sample size for university faculties group was 130 persons and for second group was 145 persons. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5. Research results were indicated three groups of mechanism including printed and visual educational materials, organizing the extension education unit at campus, setting up the rural studies center, applying the participatory research approaches, setting up consultative center at campus and consulting electronic networks. Also, these mechanisms were prioritized based on combined means. According to research findings, effective implementing of explained mechanisms required set up a joint committee, including staff experts of both ministries, in order to conduct regular meetings due to appropriate policies.

Background: Landfilling is the most common way of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in Iran. Many countries have targeted landfill methane recovery among greenhouse gas mitigation strategies, since methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Major questions remain with respect to actual methane production rates in field settings as well as the relative mass of methane that is recovered, emitted, oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria, laterally migrated, or temporarily stored within the landfill volume. Landfill gas (LFG) consists of 50% - 60 vol% methane and 30% - 40 vol% carbon dioxide as well as trace amounts of numerous chemical compounds such as aromatics, chlorinated organic compounds and sulfur compounds. Landfill methane OUTREACH program (LMOP) is a voluntary assistance program which helps reduce methane emissions from landfills by encouraging the recovery and the beneficial use of LFG as an energy resource.Objectives: In this study, the volume of LFG of Tehran by landfill methane OUTREACH program (LMOP) software was calculated. In addition, the relationship between the time of gas collection system operation and the volume of LFG production was evaluated.Materials and Methods: The LMOP software was used. The available information and some presumptions were used to operate the software. The composition of the solid waste collected from the landfill of Tehran had specific details. A large amount of it was organic materials, which was about 67.8%. These materials have a good potential to produce gas. In addition, LMOP Colombia model uses the first-order equations in all the analytical equations. Furthermore, it is assumed that the landfill operation time is 30 years and the process is considered in two conditions; first, the gas was recovered in 2000, and second, the process started in 2015.Results: The modeling results showed that for the gas recovery starting in 2000 and 2015, the power generation would be 2,354 and 830 MW, respectively. In fact, the 15-year difference in gas extraction made a 200% difference. Based on the results, from 2000 to 2100, 558 m3/hour of methane would be extracted, which would be equivalent to 2,354 MW energy. Subsequently, the emission of 93,721,837 tons of CO2 would be prohibited.Conclusions: It was observed that 2.8 times more energy was generated when the collecting system was initially installed. Moreover, if so, the equivalent CO2 was reduced by 60,695,377 ton. In fact, this process has economic and environmental benefits and the money will be saved and the emission will be controlled.

Background: Mosquito Control Programs are articulated to control Mosquito Borne Diseases and success of such programs depends on the activities of field workers, and their adherence to the standard operating procedures (SOP’s) is governed by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Present study was intended to assess the KAP of mosquito control workers of Pakistan to get an exact depiction of prevailing situation.   Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in March-April 2020. Questionnaire containing 30 closed and open-ended questions were administrated to participants. Knowledge and practices were evaluated using a scoring system i. e., by giving 1 point to each correct answer while attitude questions were analyzed individually and expressed in percentage for each response. Results: Total 639 workers were interviewed, mean age was 29. 8 (SD ±7. 87) years, majority (65. 1%) was in age group of 18–30 years. Mean knowledge score was 6. 96±1. 28 (range 0–9) with 77. 36% correct answers (P= 0. 073). Mean prac­tices score was 7. 00±1. 62 (range 2–9) with 77. 83% appropriate answers (P< 0. 001). Both knowledge and practices scores were higher for permanent employees, practices score increased with increase in job experience. Very weak posi­tive correlation (r= 0. 127) was observed between knowledge and practice scores. Conclusion: Appropriate practice correlates with better knowledge and positive attitude towards control activities. Hence, training on protection and protective measures for having a positive attitude among healthcare workers is neces­sary against the fight with mosquitoes.

Background: The first permanent molar plays a vital role in long-term oral health, yet awareness among parents of young children remains limited. This initiative aimed to empower Iran’s community health workforce—including primary health care (PHC) staff, dental students, and volunteers—to implement the “Sixth Tooth Celebration,” an oral health education program targeting first-grade students and their parents in East Azerbaijan. Grounded in social accountability, the program was integrated into Iran’s PHC system. Methods: The intervention was carried out in two phases: a pilot in selected Tabriz schools (2022–2023), followed by a province-wide rollout in fall 2024. Cascade training was conducted in both in-person and online formats for school health educators, PHC staff, dental students, and private-sector dental professionals. Educational materials included a themed poem, posters, PowerPoint slides, and tooth models. The evaluation followed Kirkpatrick’s four-level model: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Results: Approximately 300 participants were directly trained by the lead educator through workshops and webinars. These trained individuals then conducted local sessions in their districts. The “Sixth Tooth Celebration” was ultimately implemented in 927 schools across 21 counties. Surveys completed by 30 facilitators indicated high satisfaction with training, improved educational delivery skills, and positive community response. Feedback was used to adjust and enhance the program. Conclusion: This initiative demonstrates how localized capacity-building and curriculum integration can advance socially accountable oral health promotion. With strong support from the Ministries of Health and Education, the program has gained national attention and is now under review for formal nationwide adoption.