Addressing the nature of perfect state in Thomas Aquinas’ political thoughts, the present study suggests monarchy as the best form of government in his thoughts, however, two different answers may be found to the question of who is to be the monarch: as a Christian, Aquinas whishes Pope to be the monarch and as an Aristotelian, he favors common kingdom. However, he ultimately accepts the condition of the time and holds on a balanced view: Pope as the SPIRITUAL leader and King as the political leader of society. However, blurred borders of the authority, raises Thomas beyond the mere approval of current states and his  mythical -dream of Pope the King LEADERSHIP and leads him to description of King’s responsibilities for POPE’S independence. At the end, he suggests monarchy as a preferred form of states, since it is more natural and maps the governing power of reason over other SPIRITUAL functions. That is, King governs the state, just as reason and spirit govern other parts of body. Existence of some sort of supervision and administration over King’s performance suggests closeness of his ideas and modern time constitutional governments.

Introduction: Nurses as the largest group among the healthcare staff sustain continual environmental pressures and changes. Hence, the incidence of conflict among nurses is something normal due to extensive interactions with various people. Managers can make the organizational activity more effective and efficient by the use of innovative LEADERSHIP styles based on internal motivation and appropriate management of conflict. This study determined the correlation between SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and occupational conflict of nurses employed at selected academic hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Methods: 287 nurses employed at various wards of academic hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were enrolled in this descriptive-correlational study using convenient sampling method. The data were collected using two questionnaires; “ SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP” and “ Occupational Conflict” and analyzed with SPSS. 18. Results: 261 nurses completed questionnaires and resend them. The findings showed that the maximum score obtained by nurses about their head nurse’ s SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP style belonged to “ altruistic love” (14. 46 out of 25). In addition, the highest score about their occupational conflict belonged to “ interclass conflict” (10. 98 out of 16). Generally, there was a significant correlation between SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and occupational conflict (P<0. 001, r=0. 522). Conclusions: The findings on the correlation between the nurses’ perspectives about SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and occupational conflict indicated that the application of innovative styles such as SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP to reduce nurses’ occupational conflict in the Iranian healthcare system demands more investigations. It can serve as the managers’ guide in choosing the most effective LEADERSHIP style to diminish occupational conflict among nurses and reach the highest levels of outcomes in the organization.

Success or failure of organizations largely depends on the quality of their LEADERSHIP. In order to achieve organizational goals, leaders utilize certain techniques and features, some of which have unique characteristics while others display special behaviors. The success of some techniques and features depends on their followers. In recent years, new approaches of LEADERSHIP have been introduced including transformational LEADERSHIP, servant LEADERSHIP, and charismatic attributes. Among the new approaches to LEADERSHIP, SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP has gained particular significance. In this article, the concepts and dimensions of SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP are reviewed and characteristics of SPIRITUAL leaders in Iran civil service from the experts' perspective are examined. At the end, using exploratory factor analysis, characteristics of SPIRITUAL leaders in Iran civil service have been reduced and grouped into five classes. These classes are: respect to organization benefits, respect to employee benefits, respect to society benefits, individual characteristics, and respect to self. The sum of these characteristics will form the SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP diamond.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explain how the SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP model could be used as a paradigm for nursing LEADERSHIP. Nursing leaders play a critical role in the management of the health care system. SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP is a new area that has recently been considered in nursing management. Methods: In this review article, electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct) were searched from September 2014 to July 2016 to find relevant articles using keywords, such as SPIRITUALity, LEADERSHIP, management, nurses and motivation. In this regard, the articles that fulfilled the goals of the study that were written in English or Persian, had their full texts accessible, and were published in the intended time interval were entered in the study. The articles without authors’ names and dates and non-scientific papers were excluded from the study. On the whole, a total of 120 articles were obtained, of which 48 were selected and analyzed. Results: A review of the literature focusing on SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP demonstrated that the SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP model has been examined in different countries, various fields of the industry, trade training, and the health system with positive individual and organizational consequences. It seems that the characteristics of this style of LEADERSHIP fits the nursing profession as well. Of course, more large-scale future studies for testing this model of LEADERSHIP in the field of nursing will bring about more promising results. Conclusions: SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP could improve the organizational productivity and employees’ satisfaction. Nursing leaders should have paid greater attention to this type of LEADERSHIP to achieve positive organizational outcomes; therefore, they need more training in this issue.

Background and Objective: SPIRITUAL health is a basic dimension of well-being and overall health that coordinates other aspects of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP on SPIRITUAL health with mediation of organizational support. Methods: This study is an applied and correlational research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included the primary school teachers of Mirjaveh out of whom 215 teachers were selected by stratified random sampling method. Three questionnaires including SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP, SPIRITUAL health and organizational support were used for data collection. For data analysis the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Results: The mean scored for SPIRITUAL health, SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and organizational support was 215. 22± 18. 65, 122. 03± 17. 92 and 49. 71± 11. 56, respectively. There was a significant correlation between SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and SPIRITUAL health (r=0. 228, P<0. 01), SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP and organizational support (r=0. 257, P<0. 01), and organizational support and SPIRITUAL health (r=0. 241, P<0. 01). The direct effect of SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP on SPIRITUAL health (β =0. 41, t=4. 72), direct effect of SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP on organizational support (β =0. 29, t=3. 02) and direct effect of organizational support on SPIRITUAL health (β =0. 23, t=2. 68) was found to be significant. The indirect effect of SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP on SPIRITUAL health was also significant with the mediating role of organizational support (β =0. 0667). Conclusion: Therefore, managers of organizations can improve the SPIRITUAL health of employees by employing a SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP style and organizational support.