Despite many thinkers have written about POSTMODERN ETHICS, a determinate answer to the question "what is the ETHICS of POSTMODERN?" is not found. POSTMODERN approaches to ETHICS are as vague as and as complex as POSTMODERNism, itself. None of ethical normative theories have been supported by POSTMODERNists, except Aristotle's theory. POSTMODERN ETHICS is based on, the ambiguity of human identity, the collapse of moral authority, incredulity toward traditional meta-narrative, lack of a universal standard and irrationality of moral phenomena, the characteristics which ultimately identify POSTMODERN ETHICS as the ETHICS of responsibility. Describing moral current realities in post modernity, the present essay, explains the ETHICS of responsibility. In this paper, I have focused more on Bauman's and Levinas's opinions.

Background and Aim: The process of theoretical approaches in explaining crime throughout the history is indicative of various interpretations of crime. In 1980s, in the light of French and German schools of thought, the post-modern movement arouse just because they have a new interpretation of the concept of crime within the domains of criminal justice. It was mainly believed that crime was the outcome of dominating political and cultural systems and hence criticized the inefficiency of modern criminal justice and norm producing systems; so that the post-modern promoters resorted to a different approach in evaluating the concept of crime by discarding assumptions and deliberate concepts in criminal justice, rejecting the etiology and criticizing the legal, spiritual and material principals of cirme. The aim of the present study is to investigate the theoretical paradigms of crime, its nature and objectives in POSTMODERN criminal law and to evaluate the differences and commonalities of this intellectual insight with articles of the Islamic Penal Code in a descriptive-analytical approach. Materials and Methods: The Present article is performed using by descriptive-analytical method. Findings: The result of POSTMODERNist reading of crime in the light of the components of power, mentality, discourse and denial of narratives, despite the strangeness and difficulty, in terms of critique of the basic concepts of criminal law is very important for crime discourse, especially Islamic penal code, because all orientations in criminal law are in the form of a definition of crime. Conclusion: From a POSTMODERN point of view, the definition of crime from harm, death, financial and dignity has changed to the violation of welfare, security, appropriate medical facilities and dignified life and crimes against welfare and basic human rights. In addition, the ruling power always restricts these inherent rights with racist ideas and gender and religious discrimination, or restrictions arising from different political and religious views.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ETHICS, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.

This article is an analytical study of civic ETHICS in the modern world with an emphasis on Frankfort school and POSTMODERN sociologists’ ideas. In order to achieve the vision of these thinkers, some works of them were referenced as: Adorno, Horkheimer, Markus, Habermas, Baudrillard, Leotard, and Derrida. This qualitative research which is based on an interpretive-comprehensive approach studies these ideas interpretatively and critically. The results show that, there are similarities and differences in the sociologists’ ideas. Based on the consensus of scholars, it is possible to trace the general picture of the state of civic ETHICS in modern world. This picture implies the existence of problems and crises in human social life in modern societies.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ETHICS in agriculture and ETHICS of agriculture. ETHICS in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ETHICS of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ETHICS. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

This article reviews and criticizes Aristotle’ s Eudemian ETHICS based on Anthony Kenny’ s translation. We have tried to show that morality in Aristotle means living good, and his purpose in writing this work is to find an answer to the question “ what is good life and how we can achieve it” an answer in the virtuous tradition of philosophical environment which he is thinking in. Hence the understanding of the nature of what is happiness based on the understanding of the nature of virtue. After examining all the various virtues, he ultimately defines happiness as "full life activity according to complete virtues" (1219 a, 39) and this main virtue includes all other virtues, namely moral virtue and intellectual virtue. Studying and acquainting with such a book for those interested in ethical studies have this advantage that they can examine some of the ethical issues in society from the scope of virtueism.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, ETHICS: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of ETHICS in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of ETHICS is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of ETHICS: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ETHICS in universities.

POSTMODERNism is a very ambiguous term. It attracted many researchers from different fields of knowledge in the late 1960s. This article explains intertextuality as a critical means to derive its concepts and components in order to understand the hidden layers of meaning in POSTMODERN pluralist ideology. Variable thoughts of POSTMODERN architecture have been divided into two categories— Historicist and Deconstruction— to be able to detect and classify the inner layers of meaning in POSTMODERN architecture. The authors seek to answer these questions: 1. How can we achieve the intertextual relationship between Historicist POSTMODERN architecture and Deconstruction? 2. How can we define Historicist POSTMODERN architecture and Deconstruction into the diachronic and synchronic axes? The results show that Historicist POSTMODERNism uses objective signifiers and moves only along the diachronic axis. This group only imitates the past and its elements have humor and irony in the works. Due to the lack of attention to the synchronic axis, some parts of intertextuality are missing. These include the uncertainty of meaning and multilayered texts, which are principles of intertextuality. Deconstruction moves in both the diachronic and synchronic axes and, unlike Historicist ones, multi-meaning, multi-valued, and multi-layered features are seen in the works. They use both previous and contemporary texts. The method of data analysis is based on causal comparison and the rational analysis of authors. This article is a logical reasoning research that uses reasoning to explain relationships and understand the components of a subjective system after gathering information and understanding the theory of intertextuality.