The article presented here could be perceived as an inevitable and important revolution in the field of medicine. It also provides a new framework within which the formerly exclusive and often contradictory domains of complementary and modem medicine can be reconciled. Post-'Modernism, as an unavoidable current and a sign of the times, has also sent shock waves to the medical arena where we can diagnose the harmonization of traditional (alternative, holistic or complementary) and modem (conventional, standard, orthodox, or allopathic) medical procedures and therapies. The objective of this article is to identify this trend, categorize and taxonomize it as a phenomenon and to recommend its adoption in medical training. Indeed, Post- Modem Medicine is the final outcome of reconciling complementary and modem medicine…

Modern (theoretical) physics seems to be in deep crisis today as many of its core aspects are not empirically well-confirmed. Heated exchanges among physicists on the scientific status of physical theories with little or, at best, a tenuous connection to possible experimental tests is highly visible in the popular scientific literature. Some physicists (e.g., Carroll 2014, 2019; Ijjas et al., 2017) argue that science must discard empirical testability as one of its defining properties and the highly explanatory theories of present-day physics should be exempted from experimental testing, while others (e.g., Ellis & Silk 2014) spot in these arguments (for softening the testability or falsifiability requirement for modern physics) a dangerous tendency to undermine science. The philosopher of science who naturally draws most attention in these current debates is Karl Popper (1902-1994). His views, however, are often misrepresented in these debates. The prime objective of this paper is to explain how a more enlightened perspective on the ongoing debates can be obtained by a careful scrutiny of the Popperian criterion of falsifiability. As a first step in achieving this objective we will analyze the two major (conceptual) failures on which the current controversies rest. Our next step will be examining the controversial string theory to see whether the criteria of falsifiability is a ‘blunt instrument’ for determining its scientific status.

Postmodern philosophy is considered a legitimate reaction to the uniformity of the general modern-era perspective of the universe. Postmodern philosophy or post-structural thinking reveals that there are some other possible epistemological forms, also. What is already existing is not the only possible form. So, what is the humanistic city in this novel form? It is understood that clarifying the origins, meanings, and multi-faceted functions of the city are also critical topics within the philosophical tradition. Considering cognitive developments and the rise of the era of numerous philosophical thinking movements, it is essential to investigate the topic of a humanistic city that would likewise correspond to these movements and truly help to deal with cities. Here, we discuss the subject of humanism within the context of post-modern and city philosophies. The objective of the present study was to perceive the humanistic city in post-modern philosophical thinking. The present study fell under fundamental research and used the qualitative (descriptive-analytical) approach using post-modern philosophy to reinterpret and elicit the concepts related to the relevant subject (the humanistic city) in the city philosophy. Findings showed that what was thought to have formed separate worlds in the past as a subjective whole along with an objective would culminate in an “other” dogmatism when contradicted each other in the modern era with the rise of Hegel and his Dialectics; however, it would not culminate in dogmatism when contradicted each other in the postmodern era in the form of a fictitious (imaginary) and a perceptual (objective) world, as they would consequently lay the ground for the rise of the “other” or the Third World, i.e., the lived world.

The article with regard to subjects such as methodology and epistemology, tries to explain the methodological aspects of political science from Post- Modern approach. When we talk about the methodology from the Post- Modern view point, deconstructionisn is the only term which one can imagine that Post-Modern approach and analysis applies in political science, This approach has a different view to the case of science, especially, political science and emphasizes on relativism which purifies in familiar margins from science and prepares the suitable conditions for an impartial analysis regarding political problems in Post-Modern world.

Architectural identity is one of the broadest and the most controversial issues in contemporary architecture which raises many challenges in Iran as well as other countries through all parts of the world.The necessity of building an architecture regarding to its substantial identity is one of the most important challenges in contemporary Iranian architecture. Efforts in moving toward architecture with substantial identity are one of the main responses to human spiritual needs alongside all material ones.The necessity of this issue is highlighted in rules, general acts and formal bills of Iranian authorities; especially in developmental plans. At the first and the second developmental plans, the necessity of an indigenous approach toward vernacular architecture has been emphasized, as well as the importance of Islamic-Iranian identity in contemporary constructions. Also in the third and the fourth development plans, the importance of Islamic-Iranian identity has become explicit as an article in the text of the plans. In the fifth development plan, the Islamic-Iranian identity has been stood as the first priority of the plan commitments.Due to the fact that architecture is the incarnation of visions and ideologies, it has been tried to study in this paper the meaning of identity in pre-modern, modern and post-modern eras in order to find some useful guidelines for contemporary architecture of Iran.For achieving this goal and studying on the evolutional meaning of identity in these three eras, lexical meaning of identity in dictionaries and encyclopedias have been studied in the first phase. Then the opinions of the world influential architectural reflections regarding to identity issue have been studied and presented. Finally the way that these ideas and visions incarnate in architecture in three periods has been analyzed. Finally on the basis of the theoretical framework, the meaning of identity in the field of architecture in the pre-modern, modern and POST–MODERN eras was explained. Interpretive-historical research method has been adopted as the basis of inference mechanism, which supported by analyticcomparative tactics.As the result of this study shows, the meaning of architectural identity is different in pre-modern and post-modern eras, though at first it seems that they might be considered the same as each other. In modern age, although industrial development formed a turning point in the process of history, modern architecture lay at distance from some essential values such as social, cultural and mental values because of their rational visions. Consequently modern architectural spaces were not desirable and eligible ones and validity of them had been reduced.The results of this paper reveal that there is a meaningful collaboration between ideology of the architectural styles and characteristics of the building which has constructed in pre-modern, modern and post –modern eras. For achievement to architectural identity, architecture should become a collaborative work that crosses different boundaries which can be classified into environmental factors, function of architecture and meaning in architecture. The perspective should aim to achieve essence of identity and to find an interaction between innovation and authenticity which leads to consistency through diversity.

Following essay intends to study causes of formation, evolution and transformation of one of the traditional African art, i.e. mask making. This research has been done in analytic and contrastive analysis and its contents have been collected in documentary and attributive method.First, we consider the description of this tribal art; it's resource among African tribes in ancient times and cultural effects on it after European appearance nowadays. In this era also there was a transition in this art itself that change it from ritual form to an economical good. At the end turn to an evolution in post modern time and effected on this continent more than European art. On this time the African artists created modern works with keeping traditional style of African art.In this research we study the criteria and characteristics and evolution in mask making art with hope of opening new stand point for African art.

'Post-truth' has become a buzzword for numerous current crises: the fragmentation of the media landscape, the ongoing debate about 'fake news', the loss of trust in science, etc. Although these crises take place in society, it is claimed that the roots of post-truth can be traced back to the history of philosophy. Occasionally, it is asserted that Karl Popper's critical rationalism gave rise to post-truth: His rejection of verificationism has limited truth claims in the realm of science. Given the absence of infallible evidence and certainty, critical rationalism calls for challenging scientific authority. I argue that post-truth is compatible with critical rationalism from an epistemological point of view, considering that both positions are critical of certainty. However, in critical rationalism, fallibilism, responsibility, and the idea of criticism are combined, and in this respect, it offers a possible way to overcome the problems that are associated with post-truth. This treatment of the problems of post-truth results from the recognition of moral responsibility to take action on the basis of a hypothesis that remains open to revision.

Introduction Urban political management is an interdisciplinary field of political sciences, sociology, management and geography. At the view of critical theories, Euclidean approach practices replaced civil actors in their political context, selectively. Outcome of this process is the inability in representation of complex and heterogeneous spaces in a network-relational space of the city and sophisticated problems of it. Euclidean perspective is categorized, disjunctive and separated and it seeks decreasing, and reductionism. But, post-structuralism theory in which combined with the approach of ecology wants to include the city in the set of all combinations and entities until to maintain from the whole human– natural realities, simultaneously. The methodology study of is analytical-descriptive and its hypothesis is that is seems the political construction space of cities is Indispensable for to meet with complexities of urban contemporary heterogeneous environment by using of the different politics approach. The low-income population migrates to a city, inhabits and lives there. The urban designer has to be familiar with this major community, for if not, the city will be designed and developed as an alien city for the majority of the community that live there. The low-income community comes from the rural area and has their own worldview, a Cosmo-centric ontology (the worldview that humans have been ruled by an external superpower), entering the city with recent development in the modern paradigm and modern ontology. This different ontological foundation plays as the root of a wider and wider gap as time goes by and the population grows larger and larger. Methodology The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected through library research. The information was gathered from sources such as books, magazines, online articles, newspapers, etc. Results and discussion Postmodernism is presented as an anti-Modern movement seeking to escape from everything that had so far represented modernity: negativity, contradiction and contrasts. However, there are times when it is difficult to overcome this established solution. Postmodern architecture is understood as the culmination of a social and technological transformation. In this way, the individual moves to a new city, understood by means of expression of the society that had until then inhabited the empty and meaningless buildings of the Modern Movement and the International Style. Over time, the International Style was outpaced with the help of architects who sought freedom from the rigid dictates of this school. Buildings somehow abandoned the slavish adherence limits to modernist geometry, replacing it with new designs (for instance, a return to external decoration). Instead of symbolically encountering the surrounding landscape constructed with rectangular buildings, in the Postmodernity, we observe buildings with protruding corners, a number of different levels and substantially more ornamentation on the outside. The planning of the city, according to the Modern Movement encouraged the spatial segregation of social functions, the death of suburban sidewalks and the city’ s grid system. Instead of that, the new Postmodern urbanists aspired to integrate previously separate elements. They conceived a more relevant urban life for the visitor, guiding neighborhoods to gain easy access to all transport service. The promoters of this style were “ anti-modernists” in their belief – society should return to a more community and environment-friendly model. For instance, some traditional designed elements of houses, such as porches and sidewalks, were remarkably favored in order to allow people to socialize, closing ties with the community. Post-modernism succeed thanks to a willingness to change, with the aim of creating a new expression. This manifestation was not only artistic but also cultural, which, in return, will bring a new and contradictory changing aesthetic experience that seeks to represent contemporary society. The creation of the Postmodern city primarily depends on the association between symbols and signs, and which follow the demand of society itself. Postmodern cities are not intended to accommodate the individual, but instead, aim to distract the society. The succession of different Postmodern, dream-like, unreal spaces distract society, making them believe that individuals are living in a utopia created in their image and likeness. It will be necessary, in turn, associate all these representative symbols of Postmodern ideology – architectural materialization itself– in order to meet the basic objective of these constructions, that is, to create a city that conforms an image of Postmodern culture. During Postmodernism the desire to create larger cities grows, impersonal and empty of architectural content, but which, in turn, can be fully identifiable by individuals through symbols and images. In order to value Postmodern cities and put them in open relation to the society that rules them, it is necessary to understand the symbols, signs and icons that appear in the viewer’ s eyes. Thus, the architects of these cities work from these symbols to construct a new architectural representation for the city. It is, therefore, an urban framework, set by the signs given by the company itself and the new socio-cultural claims. Hence, Post-modernism refers to the problem of container, empty and meaningless buildings, as a problem of the Modern Movement and the International Style, rather than Postmodernism itself. The latter gives character to these flat and soulless buildings, providing them with a new character without resorting to actual architectural elements, but filling them instead with representative signs of our society. Conclusion There is, therefore, a desire to create a city almost as a “ Postmodern carnality” , as it does not seek to solve the problems of the individual who inhabits it. Its aim is not to be functional. Its willing is to create the illusion of a city, a scenario that represents a proper city. Sociologists and architects called it “ city fiction” , falsifying the individual to the most extraordinary level. Time and space are presented as basic issues when developing an urban space. Thus, we might speak of urban space as temporary – corresponding to the memory and previous experiences of the individual. For the same reason, spatial models are built by memory elements.