Parks are important and considerable spaces in social life of citizens. This writing searches about the entering of these spaces in the structure of Iranian cities, in direction of difference between Park and Garden as known concept in Iranian culture. With this approach, transition of term "Park" is explored from just a new concept in Gajar age to defined physical space in Pahlavi II. Because of not needing to spaces as park in traditional structure of Iranian cities, this research detects parks as social areas just are considered in 40th decade A.H. Besides, modern architecture is affected contemporary landscape designers of Iran.

Today, soil infiltration decreased due to rainfall decreasing, high grazing of rangeland, and land use change. Consequently, the majority of rainfalls convert to unusable runoff. In this area, also rainfall patterns are unpredictable, both in terms of amount and time, but, rainfall could be sufficient to make rainwater recharging/harvesting as a reliable and economical source of water via integrated watershed management. Integrated watershed management requires a lot of inter-related information to be generated and studied in relation to each other. Remote sensing, geographical information system, and AHP techniques provide valuable and up-to-date spatial information on natural resources and physical terrain parameters. In this study, the potential rainwater harvesting site was identified using remote sensing, GIS and AHP techniques. To implement the decision rules, information layers were prepared by overlaying runoff coefficient, slope, drainage network, land use permeability, lithology and soil maps. Suitable sites for each rainwater harvesting/ recharge method are determined using Iranian reports standard for rainwater harvesting structure and international researches. According to results, suitable area for check dam construction, Faroe meter, combined Bankt and Pitting was 627, 253, 247 and 81 hectare (9. 8%, 3. 9%, 3. 85, and 1. 2%) respectively. As a result, the methods used in this study show the highest accuracy, preciseness, and ability in the larger basins than other methods.

today, due to the lack of the effective use of the relationship between human and place in the creation of space, man - made environments have no meaning and identity. However the first priority of designers is to recognise and understand the environment, the relationship of human and place, and it`s application to design. Because of its ability to percept the relationship between human, environment, space and place; Phenomenology can help designers. In this paper, descriptive - analytic research method has been used. There are two approaches of ontology and epistemology in the phenomenology of place. Ontological approach has largely a spatial viewpoint and searches the meaning of the place which has been defined as the spirit of place in the architecture or Life - World. The spirit of place is created by the relationship between things and gives a special sense or character to the environment and is mostly in the field of concrete dimensions. But the epistemological approach has mostly a humanistic point of view to the subject and wants to find what the place is or lived experience. By the study of the experience structure, they suppose that the sense of place is effective for the perception of the environment. The sense of place needs directly human and human experience to exist. In addition, it is formed as a continuous cycle in which firstly, place identity (to be recognized), then belonging to the place (desired characteristics) and finally, attachment to the place (to be attached) are formed. The sense of place involves a route from the objective field to the subjective which controls the harder it is for designers. The results of the research indicate that the use of a phenomenological approach in the architecture necessitates the use of both phenomenological approaches to the place, namely acceptance of the origin of “life-world” with social and cultural domain as well as the “lived experience” of people. In this route, formation of a place sense starts with the perception of the life-world characters (spirit of place) and ends with the attachment to place. Spirit of place exists wherever, and is formed by a combination of “space”, “order” and “time”, so the spirit of place cannot be created by the design. But it is both required and possible to use the spirit of place as a guide to design PROCESs in the architecture. However, regarding the use of the sense of place in the architectural design; since the sense of place results from the interaction between the human and the built environment and it is added to the architecture over time, then it cannot be established at the design stage, but with the participation of stakeholders and users in the PROCESs of design and architecture based on their beliefs and values; the capacity to create a sense of place can be increased. In addition to we can use design PROCESs evaluating by the sense of place for measuring the effectness of the design.

La portee de la presomption d'innocence deborde aujourd'hui la seul procedure penale. Desormais. sans tenir compte de la nature de sanction et/ou du statut juridictionnel ou non-juridictionnel de l'autorite impliquee dans le PROCES, toute personne poursuivie doit beneficier de la presomption d'innocence des le premier stade du PROCES. De surcroit, outre les autorites impliquees dans un PROCES, toute autre autorite publique et les medias sont tenue de respecter ce principe. En effet, prenant acte de la notion de matiere penale deqaqee par le juge de la Convention europeenne des droits de l'homme, le droit francais a etendu le champ d'application dece principe aux sanctions administratives. Ceci etant, on ne devrait pas exaqerer ace propos. D'une part, vu la nature du PROCES administratif repressif et en raison du cumul simultane des trois phases de poursuite, d'instruction et de jugement par la rnerne autorite, le mode de fonctionnement de la repression administrative complique quelque peu l'insertion de la presornption d'innocence comme regie procedurale de base. En fait, la notion merne d'inculpation se concilie difficilement avec la presornption d'innocence. En outre, le principe de la presornption de legalite de l'acte administratif rend plus fragile l'adrninlstre face a l'administration qui est d'ailleurs juge et partie.

Puisque les juges en tant qu, un homme ne peuvent jamais penetrer au for interieur des plaideurs et arriver aux verites dans un debat (litige), il est toujours inevitable qu, on se trompe.D, autre part, dans tous les pays du monde il y a aes regles respectables pour arriver a un PROCES equitable.Donc il est indispensable qu, il y ait toujours la possibilite de ľappel et que le rendement des juges evalue par les autre juges du point de vue deľexecution juste des regles pour faire respecter les princippes de la procedure civile.Pourľobservation des interets sudits, ľappel des arrets des tribunaux est une solutions qui ont ete prevue dans la plupurt de pays comme Iran et Français pour realiser la justice etľexactitude dans les PROCES.Ľun des effets de ľappel est son effet devolutif qu, il s, agit de transferer le PROCES avec toutes ses questions du fait et du droit du tribunal au courďappel.Le coursďappel et les parties ont en meme temps des pouvoirs et des limitations (restrictions) qui fontľobjet de cette etude.

Expansion of cyber crimes forces governments to develop legal mechanism to deal with them in a proper way. Due to the importance of criminal investigation and discovering the roots of such crimes, the present study aims at investigating the PROCESs of primary investigation. of the cyber crimes in I.R.I This is an applied descriptive research to be conducted as a field study. Experts working as special police and elites of cyber crime investigation (N=60) formed the statistical sample of the study.Questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The findings of the study showed that prevention, informing, and education in the ante-occurrence period and criminals identification, collecting documents, and observing legal principles in the post- occurrence period are quite necessary.

In this study, extractive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene from n-hexane as model fuel using 1, 10-phenantroline 2, 9-dicarboxamide-FeCl3-based choline chloride as a green, novel and efficient deep eutectic solvent (DES) was considered. FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR were used for the characterization of the synthetized DES. The effect of influential parameters of the mass ratio of fuel to DES, temperature, and time was investigated. Moreover, for 10 mL solution containing 500 mg L-1 dibenzothiophene in n-hexane, at obtained optimum conditions of mass ratio of fuel to DES (equal to) 33. 5, temperature (equal to) 25 ° C, and time (equal to) 15 min, the maximum sulfur removal percent of 93. 5 ± 0. 5 was achieved. The obtained experimental results were optimized by Genetic algorithm based on artificial neural network (GA-ANN). By using GA-ANN, the optimum conditions of 34. 4, 27. 33 ° C, and 16. 99 min were acquired for the mass ratio of fuel to DES, temperature, and time which showed high potential and ability of the applied model in the optimization of the proposed PROCESs.

The purpose of this study, at first, is to identify the organizations' key performance evaluation measures, which are related to each Balanced Scorecard (BSC) perspectives of the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) that are classified by the type of activity and on the basis of the industry groups in 2008. After determination, identified measures are ranked by the participants based on the Analytical Hierarchy PROCESs (AHP) technique. At last, among the obtained ranks, after applying AHP and before the employment of this technique, a comparison is attempted to investigate the significance of the differences between the two types of ranking.By utilizing interviews and providing questionnaires, data related to 78 companies was collected. Friedman Test and t-test were administered in this study.The measures utilized in this research by companies listed in the TSE, was exerted to evaluate the performance of the organizations and managers, within the four perspectives of the BSC. The hypotheses testing results indicated that there are significant differences between two types of rankings (before and after using AHP) in the organizations.Moreover, it was revealed that almost none of the examined TSE companies did apply the unique measures of the BSC in their performance evaluation PROCESs.