At the age of increasing competition among media, offering high-quality services and presence in media markets is considered as a crucial factor for news agencies in doing their job properly and professionally. Looking at the 180-year-old history of news agencies, from its beginning from Havas (1835) to Associated Press (1846) and Reuters (1851) the owners and managers of the news agencies had an eye on valuable markets of information exchange and hoping for ample incomes of this market.Since few decades ago, at the zenith of the establishment and work of national news agencies, especially after the Second World War, by patterning on the production, supplying and sale methods of successful news agencies, many national agencies have entered the national and international media markets.while, in Iran, more than 80 years after the establishment of official and national news agency (originally called Pars and now Islamic Republic News Agency), at the age of new agencies’ rivalryin producing and selling news and information, IRNA’s source of income is government budget and its income from its presence in media markets is insignificant.This article performed a comparative study on IRNA (as Iran’s sole official news agency) and three international news agencies, Associated Press, France Press and Reuters and India’s national news agency, PTI and then asked the opinions of media experts in order to recognise the challenges that IRNA is facing, and also draw an ideal situation.The research has used a qualitative method, including a combination of comparative research and in-depth interviews. The results suggest that IRNA should not publish all stories on its website for free and it should use specific ways to earn an income from selling various news productions. The solutions offered by the experts include publishing advertisements on IRNA’s website, creating an agency and investment holding in the field of multimedia productions, selling high-quality and archive news photographs, producing marketable high-quality news-films.

This study systematically analyzed a lead-free perovskite solar cell based on Cs₂PTI₆ (Cesium Platinum Iodide) using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D). The investigation focused on the effects of perovskite layer thickness, temperature, and defect density on key photovoltaic parameters. The calculated parameters are open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, efficiency, and quantum efficiency of the solar cell. The model structure was utilized as a proposed n-i-p device architecture comprising ITO/TiO₂/Cs₂PTI₆/CBTS/Au.The results indicate that oPTImizing the perovskite layer thickness, provided it does not exceed the charge carrier penetration depth, can increase the efficiency by up to 29.2%. Conversely, increasing the operating temperature by approximately 110 K results in a 10.7% efficiency reduction. Furthermore, a significant decline in efficiency (36.8%) observed due to defect-induced recombination within the perovskite layer. These findings highlight the importance of material oPTImization and operational stability in the design of efficient, lead-free perovskite solar cells.

Innate immunity considered as the first defense line in insects and vertebrates against microbial invasion. Vast researches in recent years have shown that there are considerable similarities between the molecular organization of animal and plant systems for non-selfrecognition and anti-microbial defense. Like animals, plants are able to recognize microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are specific to microbes and are not found in plants. Such structures, also called general elicitors of plant defense, are often inevitable for microbial vita and their percePTIon via specific receptors, aware the plant from microbial invasion. The immunity triggered in plant after percePTIon of MAMPs is called MAMP Triggered Immunity (MTI). On the other hand, existence of such surveillance system in plants has resulted in coevolution of microorganisms with plants to develop effectors to disrupt and pass the MTI defense line. In the continuance of this competition, plants have developed other mechanisms to recognize these effectors and created another immunity called effector triggered immunity (ETI). The goal in this paper is to review the last findings about different mechanisms of immunity in plant.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is not only one of the most expensive food products in Iran and the world but also holds a special place among Iran's export and industrial products. Since saffron is propagated only through corms, preventing the contamination of corms as “seed” with devastating pathogens is crucial to maintaining the quality and yield of the saffron. Hence, investigating the genetic mechanisms associated with the response of the saffron plant to fungal pathogens such as fusarium wilt rot (Fusarium oxysporum) is of great importance. Given that plants express a wide range of resistance genes to defend themselves, the role of genes related to the PTI (Pattern-Triggered Immunity) pathway, such as those in the LysM-RLK family, is crucial in pathogen resistance. Therefore, studying the transcriptome of saffron corms infected with the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum is important for identifying and investigating the genes belonging to the RLP and RLK gene families. Plants express a wide range of resistance genes to respond to pathogens attacks. Among different gene families associated with PTI pathway, the LysM-RLK family plays an important role in resistance to pathogens. Therefore, in this study, the transcriptome of saffron corms infected with the Fusarium oxysporum was studied to identify and investigate the genes belonging to the RLP and RLK gene families. According to the results of this study, a total of 45 genes encoding PTI pathway receptors were identified in the saffron transcriptome, with 40 sequences belonging to the RLP (Receptor-like proteins) family and 5 sequences to the RLK (Receptor-like kinases) family. The expression analysis of some main RLP and RLK family members showed that the highest expression was related to the sequences of Contig 41583 (RLP) and Contig 61879 (RLK) in the saffron stigma and corms, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of the selected genes in the infected corms significantly increased compared to the control healthy corm. Additionally, the expression levels of the target genes (Contig 41583 and Contig 61879) assessed using qRT-PCR indicated higher expression in corms 72 hours post-infection compared to 48 hours post-inoculation. These results suggest that RLK proteins play a crucial role in the interaction between saffron and the pathogen, particularly due to the presence of the LysM motif. Since LysM motif binds to chitin oligomers of fungal cell walls of certain fungi and oomycetes, it triggers plant immune responses. Overall, the findings of this study are significant for understanding the specific nature of the plant-pathogen relationship and can contribute to insights into the PTI immune pathway.

In the last two decades, the professional organization and operation of news agencies have been challenged and affected by 24-hour news TV channels and ever increasing web-based modern media. This has placed strong rivals before the professional operation of news agencies. In such a context, news agencies have adopted strategies to maintain status, survive, and compete as well as to be adaptable with the modern technology.Considering the necessity of employing modern technologies by the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), the researcher has studied the position of IRNA in production and provision of modern multi-media services in comparison with the Associated Press (AP), Press Trust of India (PTI) and Reuters.The findings of the research, carried out based on a comparative model, suggest that like the news agencies under study, IRNA shall put on its agenda the production of quality news clips, multi-media news, graphic and info-graphic services and sending news packages on mobile phones.

Travel time reliability affects the behavior of passengers in private or public transportation and can be seen as an important factor in the context of freight transportation. The main cause of travel time oscillation, known as travel time reliability, is congestion. Congestion is classified into two categories: recurring and nonrecurring. Recurring congestion, which is the topic of this study, is formed when supply surpasses capacity. Peak periods are good examples of recurring congestion. In this paper, by utilizing different bagging regressor methods, the effect of speed flow reduction, compared to Free Flow Speed (FFS) in terms of congestion was studied on the Planning Time Index (PTI) on a section of Interstate 64 in the United States (US). Then, by analyzing PTI changes based on congestion variation, it was revealed that when speed reduction surpasses 10%, travel time leaves its reliability. Also, when the congestion is somewhere around 0.7 to 0.75, the unreliability becomes severe. These findings were directly extracted from scatter plots drawn by bagging and bootstrapping samples which were used to improve the accuracy of PTI prediction.

Background: District management is emerging as a lynchpin for primary healthcare system performance. However, delivery of district-level interventions at scale is challenging, and overlooks the potential role of management at other subnational levels. From 2015-2019, Ethiopia’, s Primary Healthcare Transformation Initiative (PTI), aimed to build a culture of performance management and accountability at the zonal level. This paper aims to evaluate the longitudinal change in management practice and performance in the 19 zones participating in PTI, which included 315 districts and 1617 health centers. Methods: Using data from PTI intervention (2018 to 2019), we employed quantitative measures of management capacity at health center, district, and zonal levels, and quantified primary healthcare service performance using a summary score based on antenatal care coverage, contracePTIon use, skilled birth attendance, infant immunization, and availability of essential medications. We used multiple generalized linear regression models accounting for clustering of health centers within zones to quantify (1) change in management and performance during the two-year intervention, (2) associations between the changes in management capacity at the zonal, district, and health facility level. Results: Adherence to management standards at the zonal, district, and health facility level improved significantly over two years (37%, P <. 001,18%, P <. 001,18%, P <. 001,respectively), as did the performance summary score (14%, P <. 001). Adherence at the zonal level in year one was associated with district level adherence in year one (P =. 04), and, over the two-year period (P =. 002), and district management mediated the relationship between management practice at zonal and health center levels (P <. 001). Conclusion: Improvements in zonal-level management practice were associated with significant improvements in district-level management and performance in PTI sites. Investments in managerial practices at the zonal level may provide an immediate way to energize primary healthcare system performance at scale in low-income country settings.

Background and Objective: Heel spur is a common rearfoot syndrome in more than 45 aged people which accompanied with pain. This study was done to assess the effect of silicon insole on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with heel spur.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 12 female and 3 male with heel spur were recruited. Plantar pressure in five areas of foot was measured by Pedar-X insole when wearing standard shoe only; shoe with foot orthosisimmediately after 9 meter walking.Results: Silicon insole reduced pressure in medial forefoot (P<0.05) and heel (P>0.05). Silicon insole increased force (P<0.05), contact area (P<0.05) and pressure time integral (PTI) (P<0.05) in medial midfoot and reduced PTI in medial forefoot (P<0.05).Conclusion: Silicon insole reduced mean peak pressure in medial forefoot and mean peak pressure in five area of foot.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the Rorschach cognitive indices in distinguishing the information processing deficiencies in depressed patients. Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV criteria for depression and Beck Depression Inventory were conducted to select 30 depressed and 30 non-depressed female participants in the same age group and educational level. The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) was run to evaluate the dysfunctional attitudes. The Rorschach test was run and scored using the Exner's Comprehensive System (1990) to evaluate the Perceptual-Thinking Index (PTI) and the cog native components of participants. The results indicated that the Rorschach's Perceptual-Thinking Index is not efficient enough to distinguish the patient's deficiencies in information processing; but a combination of "' several variables of PTI along with other comprehensive cognitive indices of the Rorschach can be useful. This study led to the development of a new index called "Information Processing Deficiency Index (IPDI).

Chicken eggs represent an important source of protein to the growing human population and also supply repositories of unique genes that could be used worldwide. The inheritance of shank feathering trait is dominant upon non-feathering shank trait in chicken which is based on two factors: PTI-1L and PTI-1B that are located on Chromosomes 13, 15, and 24. Using 185 fertile eggs collected from two genetic lines (shank feathering and non-feathering shank) of White Kurdish chicken, we found that egg weight highly (P<0.01) correlated with yolk weight (r2=0.520, 0.704, respectively), albumen weight (r2=0.918, 0.835), and shell weight (r2=0.626, 0.225). The first two principal components explained the greatest variance in both the White with shank feathering (85.6% of total variance) and non-feathering shank (76.5%). Therefore, differences in the component traits of the eggs between the two genetic lines may be influenced by the same gene actions as shank feathering trait. According to these results, the two genetic lines of Kurdish chicken yield significant differences in the internal traits of eggs.