Introduction: The morphogenic and histogenetic events of an organ and their time sequencing are basic required information to study factors involved in cells differentiation and evaluating the influence of different agents during the critical period of organ formation. The birds are noted as models in experimental embryologic studies, more than other animals. The present study described the morphogenetic events of Pheasant (as a native bird of Iran) esophagus, as a unique investigation. Methods: We analyzed the Pheasant embryos from fifth-24 th days of incubation period. After meeting the routine methods of histology laboratory, the slides were stained with HematoxylinEosin, Periodic Acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue, and Van Gieson staining methods. Then, the formation of four layers of primordial esophagus, its epithelial cell differentiation, the separation of lamina propria and submucosa, time of glands formation, their secretion activities and the shape of lumen of gland were studied by a light microscope. Results: The data of this study indicated that the most esophageal developmental events of the Pheasant occur in the first 2-thirds of the incubation period. The esophageal primordium was noted for the first time on the fifth day of incubation period. The mesenchymal boundary of the esophagus was distinguishable during seventh to eighth days of incubation period. They differentiated the lamina propria and muscular layers during the next 10 days. The epithelial layer of esophagus was gradually differentiated from pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ninth day) into the 2 layered cuboidal (9-10), simple cuboidal (10-12), and the stratified squamous (13 th day onward). The esophageal glands were the only structures that began to form in the second half of the incubation period on the 15th day and completed their development on the 21 th day. In the present work, the most developmental events were observed in the thoracic esophagus earlier than cervical region. Conclusion: The comparison of the obtained data with other studied birds shows a general pattern of the esophagus formation among them. However, some differences can be detected in the developmental details and in the time sequencing of the layers. Some of these variations can be related to the differences in the duration of the incubation period among different species.

Introduction: The morphogenic and histogenetic events of an organ and their time sequencingare basic required information to study factors involved in cells differentiation and evaluating theinfluence of different agents during the critical period of organ formation. The birds are noted asmodels in experimental embryologic studies, more than other animals. The present study describedthe morphogenetic events of Pheasant (as a native bird of Iran) esophagus, as a unique investigation. Methods: We analyzed the Pheasant embryos from fifth-24th days of incubation period. Aftermeeting the routine methods of histology laboratory, the slides were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Periodic Acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue, and Van Gieson staining methods. Then, the formationof four layers of primordial esophagus, its epithelial cell differentiation, the separation of laminapropria and submucosa, time of glands formation, their secretion activities and the shape of lumenof gland were studied by a light microscope. Results: The data of this study indicated that the most esophageal developmental events of thePheasant occur in the first 2-thirds of the incubation period. The esophageal primordium was notedfor the first time on the fifth day of incubation period. The mesenchymal boundary of the esophaguswas distinguishable during seventh to eighth days of incubation period. They differentiated thelamina propria and muscular layers during the next 10 days. The epithelial layer of esophagus wasgradually differentiated from pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ninth day) into the 2 layeredcuboidal (9-10), simple cuboidal (10-12), and the stratified squamous (13th day onward). Theesophageal glands were the only structures that began to form in the second half of the incubationperiod on the 15th day and completed their development on the 21th day. In the present work, themost developmental events were observed in the thoracic esophagus earlier than cervical region. Conclusion: The comparison of the obtained data with other studied birds shows a general patternof the esophagus formation among them. However, some differences can be detected in thedevelopmental details and in the time sequencing of the layers. Some of these variations can berelated to the differences in the duration of the incubation period among different species.

Due to the importance of the nervous system in the living organism, many studies have been conducted on the development of the nervous system of mammals and other birds,. 63 fertilized Pheasant eggs were placed in an automatic incubator and on odd days, from day 3 to day 23, as well as one-day-old chicks, embryo brain samples were taken and tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Morphological studies confirmed the increase in length and width of the cerebellum with increasing fetal age. Histological resultscshowed that the cerebellum in this bird can be seen as a simple projection in the rhombencephalon from the age of 7, which gradually increases with the age of the fetus and at the age of 11 embryos, with more advanced development in the piamater (vascular connective tissue) into the cerebellum, different folias were first seen in a simple form and with a small number, and from the age of 13 embryos, the first 2 branches of the folias were seen. With the increasing age of the fetus, the number and branches of the folias and the width of the base of the cerebellum increased. The first differentiation between white and gray matter in the cerebellum was seen at 19 embryonic years. Like other birds, the cerebellum was located in posterior of cerebral hemispheres, and was separated from the cerebral hemispheres and visual lobes by two transverse grooves on both sides and it has a middle part called Kermina and two side parts called Gushak

Habitats are one of the main and most important ecological needs for conservation of a species. Therefore, habitat preferences and selection a safe environment for species and effective environmental factors for these preferences can be a way to manage habitat and species. The Pheasant species in Ardabil province is located only in part of the border area of this province with Azerbaijan and is considered as an important biological species in this region. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to introduce a hybrid model of fuzzy-network analysis process in prioritizing the factors that influence the selection process of habitat by the Pheasant species. The accuracy of the modeling performed in study, based on the information gathering of field and descriptive information related to 12 selective criteria in 18 habitats in Ardebil province, was also investigated. In this regard, the regression relations between the habitat valuations for each criterion were established with the population of Pheasant species. Regression modeling results showed that the criteria for absence of hunter, border station and distance from the road had a significant (P <0. 05) relationship with population living in habitats. The results of this analysis show a complete match with results of the model of FANP model, indicating a high degree of prioritization and modeling. Based on this, it can be stated that the habitat conditions at border are the most important element of the habitat selection, given the importance of the security cluster, by the Pheasant species in area. This modeling method can be a guide for future research in this area and in other areas.

BACKGROUND: The histogenetic study is a useful and practical laboratory method for obtaining basic and effective information in order to reveal the process of histogenesis and development of organs in different stages during the embryonic period. This applied method helps us to understand the formation time of each organ and its tissue structure. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to study the histogenesis and histochemistry of the Pheasant liver during the embryonic period. METHODS: Sixty fertile eggs were placed in the incubator and sampling was performed from day 5 to the end of incubation period. The liver samples were fixed in 10% Buffered Formalin and the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson Trichrome (MT). RESULTS: In this study, liver parenchyma, changes in the hepatocytes and their glycogen storage, as well as the appearance time of canaliculi, biliary ducts, central veins and port spaces were investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the time of the formation of the organs and structures in various birds relate to different incubation period or species variations. In this research, as the first study on the liver histogenesis of the Pheasant, the formation of this organ from the fifth day to the end of the fetal period was examined and it was observed that the evolution and tissue development of the liver is completed until the eighteenth day of incubation period.

Determining the habitat suitability, understanding the relationship between species and environment, and choosing it as a niche is one of the main steps of management and a key step of wildlife species protection. Miankaleh biosphere reserve is one of the important habitats for the Caspian comment Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus persicus), and suitability of its habitat was investigated in this study. The modeling of habitat suitability was conducted using 61 occurrence records of the species and environmental variables, including; distance to farm, cattle rearing, ranger’s station, water resources, roads and NDVI; based on the maximum entropy algorithm. We found that proximity to water resources, high density of vegetation, and proximity to ranger’s station play as the major role in habitat suitability of the species, respectively. The habitat of the Caspian comment Pheasant was not most suitable in the Miankaleh biosphere reserve due to destruction of coastal habitats, road construction, conversion to agricultural land, intentional and unintentional fires of vegetation, use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the edge of woodland and farm. So that, its habitat sustainability was very limited and inclined to the southwestern habitats of the region.

In order to study the normal hematopoiesis, cellular components and myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio in the bone marrow of the Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), bone marrow samples were collected from the proximal tibiotarsus bone of 16 clinically healthy adult Pheasant. The bone marrow smears were stained using the Giemsa stain. The results indicated that the development and formation of blood cells in the bone marrow of Pheasant were similar to other birds, whereas the morphology of the cells was similar to chickens, ducks, quail, and black-head gull. The mean M/E ratio was 1.24, the mean erythroid percentage was 42.24, the mean myeloid percentage was 52.62, and the mean percentage of all other cells percentage was 5.38. There was no significant difference in any of the cellular composition between male and female.

Population management of exploited species requires information on absolute density and abundance through reliable survey methods. The baseline information is further needed for population dynamics studies and determination of conservation status. The current population size of Pheasant is totally unknown, because there is no official attempt to estimate population size in previous years. In this study, line transect based Distance Sampling method was used to yield population estimates in Sa'ad Abad Forest. Data from aural and visual counts were combined to calculate overall estimates. Adjustment was made in which an aural -detection was assumed to represent four birds per flock. Otherwise, the estimates were found to be underestimated. Results indicated that an unbiased estimation of overall density and abundance of Pheasant for the entire 4000 ha study area, D ± S.E. = 0.35 ± 0.070 birds/ha and N ± S.E. = 1400 ± 280 birds, respectively. The cluster size of the species was estimated at, E (s) ± S.E. = 2.143 ± 0.139 birds/flock.

Background: Several injectable anaesthetics and sedatives are used in various avian species for general anaesthesia. Birds are very sensitive animals and any mismanagement in a crisis can lead to immediate shock and death. Therefore, careful selection of the safest possible anaesthetic agent and dose is very important. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical efficiency of diazepam-ketamine (DK), medetomidine-ketamine (MK), and xylazine-ketamine (XK) combinations anaesthetic regimens in Pheasants. Methods: Twenty-four Pheasants were divided into three equal groups and received one of three anaesthetic combinations by intramuscular injections: 9. 0 mg/kg diazepam and 150. 0 mg/kg ketamine, 0. 20 mg/kg medetomidine and 80. 0 mg/kg ketamine, and 3. 0 mg/kg xylazine and 80. 0 mg/kg ketamine. Each Pheasant was pre-medicated with sedative drugs and 5 min later, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine injection. Results: The weak time (2. 50 ± 1. 07 min; mean± SD) and down time (6. 13 ± 1. 25 min) were shortest in group XK. The sleep time was longest (73 ± 20. 24 min) while the recovery time (157 ± 13. 61 min) was shortest in group MK. Muscle relaxation was excellent during the anaesthesia in all groups. The recovery phase of the birds was uneventful. Heart rate (HR) in DK group was statistically higher than MK and XK groups. Body temperature (BT) decreased in all groups compared to baseline values and those of MK group were lower than DK and XK groups. Respiratory rate (RR) in XK group was significantly lower than DK and MK groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MK combination shows better anaesthetic outcome compared to DK or XK combinations in Pheasants.