Introduction: Crop models are the most important parts of ecological models. These models could provide the possibility of crop systems prediction in addition to increase the understanding of their performance.Allometric relationships of Plants show the changes of growth of one part in comparison to the other parts of the Plant. Determining the appropriate Plant density in crops, especially wheat has the high importance which affects some characteristics such as yield and yield components. This effect varies between different stages of Plant growth.Materials and Methods: This research has been done in research station of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (37o 45’ N, 54o 30’ E and 120m asl) in the growing season of 2012-13. The experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with four replications as base. Treatments consisted of two wheat cultivars (Koohdasht and Morvarid) and 7 Plant densities (50, 100, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800 seed.m2). Each replication consisted of 14 plots and each plot had 10 rows with length of 5 m, width of 2m and a row spacing of 20 cm. Plot distances from each other was 40 cm and block distances was 1 m to each other. Measurements were done from tillering to the end of the growing every 7 to 10 days (depending on weather conditions). Cumulative thermal units were calculated using GDD_Calc program.Power model and non-liner segmented regression model were used to describe allometric relationships.Results and Discussion: In fitting allometric equations related to Plant height, results showed that Plant height in wheat starts from emergence and reaches the maximum in the anthesis stage and then remains constant.Hence, fitting equations were done to find allometric relations of wheat Plant height and coefficient of 0.94 and root mean square error between 6.80 and 5.16 showed that the equation could well describe the height of Plant during the growing season. Checking coefficients showed that there was no significant differences between a coefficient but significant differences was investigated in b coefficient and X0 coefficient. The analysis of the relationship between Plant height and the number of leaves in main stem showed a significant effect according to b coefficient with coefficient of determination of 0.92, in different densities. Coefficient of determination values greater than 0.97 indicated a strong relationship between Plant height and shoot dry weight, but the analysis showed no significant effect in terms of a (Plant height when shoot dry weight is 1 gr) and b coefficients. In addition, regarding the relationship between the height and total dry weight of vegetative parts in different Plant density, coefficient of determination values greater than 0.97 and ranges of root mean square error between 4.86 and 9.119, belong to the Plant densities of 50 and 800, respectively, which showed a very good correlation between the height and the total dry weight of vegetative parts. The a coefficient (Plant height when total dry weight is 1 gr) had significant difference and decrees about 0.0036 unit according to each Plant more dense but for b coefficient, there was no significant difference.Conclusions: In general, the results revealed that Plant height has significant correlation with the number of leaves in main stem, shoot dry weight and total dry weight of vegetative parts by coefficient of determination 0.93, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. In addition, the correlation coefficient for producing leaves in main stem was 0.93.

Knowledge of forage production is one of the most important factors in range management program. Direct measurement of forage production is rather expensive and time consuming. The major objective of this study was to fit a model and to estimate the annual forage production of 19 shrub and forbs species. In Kashmar flood spreading area of Khorasan province. Annual forage production of 30 Plants of each species were measured and compared with measurements of Plant height and crown diameter at flowering stages and multiplication of the values of these two factors. Results showed that Plant height times crown diameter in all species except Poa bulbosa and Polygonum arenastrum are a good estimation of forage yield and dry matter production. In general there was a positively significant linear relationship between forage production and crown diameter or Plant height * crown diameter for all species under study (P< 0.05) . An exponential model for forage production of Scoriala orientalis, Artemisia siberi and poteropyrum olivieri were detected. These results suggest that a linear or exponential model based on annual growth (height and crown diameter) is a good estimation of forage production if adequate sampling and suitable time is considered.

The objective of this study was to determine the microsatellite (SSR) and AFLP markers linked to Plant height and maturity time in the 188 F2: 3 families derived from the cross between two Iranian rice cultivars, Binam and Kadous for using in marker assisted selection method and pyramiding of genes (QTLs) for decreasing of Plant height and maturity time in progenies. Among SSR and AFLP markers that used in this research, 61 SSR and 74 AFLP markers had adequate polymorphism between the parents that were used to construct linkage map of the population. The average distance of adjacent markers was 14.06 cM and covers 1786.4 cM of the rice genome. Using the Composite interval mapping (CIM) method, 5 QTLs were mapped for Plant height on the chromosomes 3, 7, 9, 10 and 11, and 2 QTLs for maturity time on the chromosomes 6 and 7.These QTLs totally controlled 62.82 % and 23.96 % of the phenotypic variance of 2 traits, respectively. Among these mapped QTLs, qPH-3 (between P36-M42-3_RM232) and qPH-10 (between RM147_P77-M62-4) for Plant height andqMD-6 (between RM314_P51-M74-4) for maturity timewith distance from nearest markers, respectively equal 5.5, 19.7 and 0.8 cM, controlled 17.16 %, 15.47 % and 15.71 % of the phenotypic variance, respectively. These QTLs were identified as effective and relatively major QTLs for Plant height and maturity times. Results showed that these three QTLs can be used for pyramiding of genes and their linkage markers can be used in marker assisted selection programs for selection of dwarf and early lines in these segregating populations.

Allometric relation in Plants describes development and growth variations and relative characteristics of a part of Plant in comparison with total or other parts of Plant. The objective of this study was to find allometric relations between Plant height (cm) with node number in main stem, srem dry weight (g Plant-1) and vegetative components dry weight (g Plant-1). For this purpose, an experiment with 3 sowing dates (6 Dec. 2003, 20 Jan. 2004 and 21 Mar. 2004) and 4 Plant densities (15, 30, 45 and 60 Plants m-2)was conducted in the field at Agricultural Science Research Farm of the Gorgan University during 2003-4. Data of Plant height stem dry matter weight and vegetative components dry weight was recorded. The power equation (y=axb) as linear changed form, {In(y)=ln (a)+bxln(x) was used to describe the relationship between Plant height and the mentioned characteristics. Between Plant height with nod number in main stem (y=0.92x1.26, R2=0.92), stem dry weight (y=26.57x0.42, R2=0.92) and vegetative components dry weight (y=18.54x0.46, R2=0.92) was significant relation. So, this relation can use to estimate Plant height and or use them in crop simulations models for modeling competition.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included Plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per Plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

In order to Study dry weight of broomrape, yield and yield components of potato to sowing date and application of herbicide, an experiment was carried out in Moradi filed in 5 kilometer of road Arak-Farahan in 2010. Experimental design was spilt plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were consisted of two sowing date of 15 and 30 July were in main plot and herbicide at seven levels including of control, Rimsolfuron as foliar application and water soluble at rate of 45g ha-1, Sulfosulfuron as foliar application and water soluble at rate of 35g ha-1, Glyphosate at the rate of 75 and 100 ml ha-1 were situated in sub plots. Herbicides of mentioned used at 20, 30, 40 and 50 day after emergence. Results showed that number of Plant broomrape reduced by 2.74% with change of sowing date from 5 May to 20 May. Interaction effect of treatment showed that maximum of number of Plant broomrape equal 7.5 Plant. m-2 was obtained from 5May at control, also minimum of of number of Plant broomrape equal 2.25 Plant. m-2 was obtained treatments of Sulfosulfron of water soluble, Glyfosit 100 ml at sowing date 5 May, Also Rimsolfuron water soluble and Glyfosit 100 ml at sowing date 20 May. Application of herbicide at 5 May and 20 May decreased height Plant broomrape. Minimum of height Plant broomrape was obtained from Glyfosit 100 and 75 ml at 5 May and 20 May, respectively. Changes of sowing date from 5 May to 20 May yield tuber increased by 25.5%. Interaction effects treatments showed that, the highest yield tuber equal 38342.80 kg ha-1 as obtained Sulfosulfron of water soluble in sowing date of 20 May.

This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the solar chimney power Plant to analyze to analyze buoyancy-nature of heated air by har-nessing solar energy. ANSYS Fluent a fi nite volume code has been used for axisym-metric model of the solar chimney power Plant (SCPP) prototype in Manzanares, Spain considering updraft tower. A standard k- turbulence model and Boussinesq approximation for buoyancy driven flow is considered. Small pressure difference because of natural draft inside the chimney during day time has been observed due to solar radiation. The numerical results obtained for average velocity and temper-ature at chimney inlet are validated with the experimental results of the prototype. It has been observed that both the velocity and temperature of air inside the SCPP increases signifi cantly with the increment in solar radiation. Increase in the chimney height and collector radius also increases the power output of the Plant. The effect of chimney convergence with different area ratio on the power output of SCCPs have been analyzed.

In order to locate the QTLs for Plant height, peduncle length, and heading date, a set of 107 wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi× Oligoculm was grown during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. A total of 36 QTLs were identified based on composite interval mapping (CIM) approach. All detected Plant height QTL’s were stable over the two years. QTLs located nearRhtD1 (chromosome 4D) and in theXta556-RhtB1 interval (chromosome 4B) accounted for, respectively, 40.1% and 28.9% of Plant height variation in 2004 and 30.7% and 26.36% in 2005. The other two QTLs identified for Plant height were located nearXcfd53 and Xwmc25a loci on chromosome2D. The results of composite interval mapping indicated that all detected QTLs for peduncle length were coincident with Plant height QTLs. Of the most important heading date QTLs, the only stable one over years was located in theXcfd53-Xbarc168 interval on chromosome2D and accounted for 34.05% and 31.9% of heading date variation in 2004 and 2005, respectively. TheXbarc168-Xgwm484 interval (LOD>8.3) carried the other important QTL for heading date in 2004. In general, based on expression of stable and major effect QTLs in present study, it is possible to increase efficiency of marker assisted selection for the traits in breeding programs.

To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling heading date and Plant height, ninety nine F13 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from barley cultivars Azumamugi × Kanto Nakate Gold cross were evaluated. The field trails were conducted at randomized complete block design with two and three replications in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Significant differences and transgrassive segregates were observed among lines for heading date and Plant height. Composite interval mapping (CIM) was done based on linkage map constructed using 99 RILs and 100 markers including isozyme, morphological, STS and AFLP markers. A strong QTL controlling 26% phenotypic variation of heading date on chromosome 5HL was located near to the e07m25.3-e 12m199.1 markers. The QTL had the same interval of the Sgh2 locus. Allele inherited from Azumamugi parent in this locus decreased heading date. The QTL for heading date in the map interval of ABC261-ABG055 markers on chromosome 1HL could be identical with the eam8 locus and accounted for 11% of the phenotypic variation.New QTL for Plant height was detected near to uzu1 locus on chromosome 3HL, explaining 52% of the phenotypic variation. The effect of allele transmitted from Azumamugi parent in this locus decreased Plant height. The QTLs identified on chromosomes 1HL, 3HL and 7HS in relation to eam8, uzu1 and dsp1 genes showed pleiotropic effects on controlling heading date and Plant height.