Introduction: Some children have a severe urinary frequency with an abrupt onset. They void every 15 minutes during the day, without daytime incontinence, dysuria, nocturia, or urinary tract infection (UTI). Pollakiuria or daytime frequency syndrome of children is the term used to describe this condition. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluation and correlation between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and day time frequency syndrome. Patients and Methods: In this study, we selected 76 children with Pollakiuria as the case group and 76 healthy children for the control group in Arak, Iran. The diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder was conducted through interviews, OCI-CV tests, and the psychiatrist’ s approval. The comparison was based on DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. The analysis was conducted by SPSS version 16 and a P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Results: The obsessive disorder was noted in five individuals (6. 6%) of case group (Pollakiuria) and eight individuals (10. 5%) of the control group (P = 0. 282). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that OCD is not more common in children with Pollakiuria

Background: Pollakiuria is a lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) characterized by frequent daytime urination in children without an identifiable cause. Objectives: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between eating habits and the incidence of Pollakiuria in children. Methods: The demographic features of 64 children aged 5 - 7 years affected with Pollakiuria were gathered using a questionnaire and compared with the data of 64 healthy controls. Dietary data of children were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of Pollakiuria related to the frequency of consumption of meat, dairy products, vegetables, caffeine, and salt. Results: There were no differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Among various food categories, children with Pollakiuria consumed salt (P = 0.003) and caffeine (P < 0.001) more frequently than healthy children. Regarding the relationship between Pollakiuria development and the consumption of certain foods, a statistically significant relationship was found only for salt (OR = 1.24; P = 0.002) and caffeine (OR = 1.038; P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, restricting the use of salt and caffeine may be effective in reducing the risk of Pollakiuria in children. It seems necessary to conduct more studies to assess the role of other dietary habits, as well as confounding factors such as blood pressure, fluid consumption, exposure to tobacco smoking, and physical activity, in the development of Pollakiuria.

Hydatidosis is an important zoonotic parasite disease in several herbivorous mammals. Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by infection with larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus has been frequently reported from different organs. Here, we report the first case of a urinary echinococcosis in Iran with a pain in the lower left abdominal quadrant and severe frequent urination (Pollakiuria). We detected a cyst 120 × 15 mm dimensions with heterogeneous mass contain fluid in the back of the urinary bladder neck between the umbilical region and external urethral sphincter. The patient was candidate for open-abdomen surgery and cysts were resected. The isolated cysts from liver and urinary bladder were referred to pathology laboratory, and the tissue sections were stained with Tri-chrome and Hematoxylin/eosin staining methods. Microscopic examination of prepared tissue sections showed protoscoleces of E. granulosus with specific and thick laminated hyaline layer (non-cellular membrane), with covers the thin activate germinal epithelium, which revealed the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst. This rare case illustrates that CE is the necessity of considering in the differential diagnosis from cysts, abscesses, malignant and benignant tumors, especially is essential in endemic areas of CE.

Background: Some children have abrupt onset of severe urinary frequency, voiding as often as every 10-15 min during the day, without dysuria, UTI, daytime incontinence, or nocturia. The most common age for these symptoms to occur is 4-6 yr, after the child is toilet trained, and the vast majority are boys. This condition is termed the daytime frequency syndrome of childhood or Pollakiuria. The condition is functional; no anatomic problem is detected. The symptoms occur often just before a child starts kindergarten or if the child is having emotional family stress-related problems.OCD is a chronically disabling illness characterized by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors over which the patient has little or no control. OCD has a lifetime prevalence of 1-3% worldwide, and as many as 80% of all cases have their onset in childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between OCD and Pollakiuria.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, we evaluated (152) children aged 6-18 years old who were visited in the pediatric clinics of Amir-Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. The control group considered of (76) healthy children and the case group included (76) age and sex matched children with Pollakiuria. Then, the children’s behavioral status was evaluated using the children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (C-YBOCS). The C-YBOCS is helpful in identifying children with OCD. The data was analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS-16.Results: OCD was detected in (5) case (6.6%) with Pollakiuria and (8) controls (10.5%). The difference in OCD was not significant (p-value 0.282) between the two groups.Conclusion: OCD isn’t more common in Pollakiuria versus non-Pollakiuria children. It is recommended to conduct a study with higher sample volume in order to detect the relationship between OCD and Pollakiuria.

Background: Children with Pollakiuria have extraordinary daytime urinary frequency, which means urination every 15 to 20 minutes per day, without nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinence, dysuria, and UTIs. This can be associated with developmental disorders.Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of Pollakiuria on developmental disorders.Methods: A total of 224 individuals were included in this study. The age range was 5 to 7 years old and 70 patients with Pollakiuria were allocated to the case group and 154 healthy individuals were included in the control group. Height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were measured and were compatible with gender and age. The following information was also recorded, personal and social development, problem solving, fine motor, gross motor, communication, defining words, understanding of contradictory words, counting numbers, names of colors, copying forms of € and ,D and walking on toes, which were obtained by the ages and stages questionnaires (ASQ) and nelson development table.Results: From a total of 224 children, factor expressing growth and development condition in the case group was significantly less than the control group (P=0.001).Conclusions: Development indicators, according to ages and stages questionnaires, in healthy children had a better status compared to children with Pollakiuria.

Electroporation is a technique that increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used to treat solid tumors. Recently, novel applications have been explored in the treatment of visceral tumors. This report aimed to describe the ECT as an approach to vesical carcinoma in three dogs. The patients received ECT with bleomycin as an intravenous bolus and intra-lesional cisplatin (cases 2 and 3). The ECT was performed by electroporator (Onkodisruptor® ) using a plate and/or a single pair needle array electrode. Case 1 was a 7-year-old female Pitbull dog with a history of hematuria and stranguria. The ECT was performed during cystotomy using a single pair array electrode. However, the patient developed uroabdomen two days post-ECT and died 5 days later. Case 2 was a 12-year-old female Poodle dog with hematuria, dysuria, and Pollakiuria. Cystotomy and ECT were performed using plate array electrodes. Complete remission of the intra-luminal mass was observed 11 days post-ECT. However, 21 days after the procedure, an acute unilateral renal failure occurred possibly due to a neoplastic embolus into the right ureter leading to kidney hydronephrosis, and the patient was euthanized. Case 3 was a 10-year-old female Cocker dog with hematuria and Pollakiuria. The patient was fully competent after ECT without clinical signs of Pollakiuria and recovered from hematuria 7 days post-ECT. The bladder returned to normal status 28 days post-ECT. The ECT was not able to increase the overall survival of the patients evaluated and should be indicated carefully.

Introduction: Eosinophilic cystitis (EC) is a rare and poorly understood inflammatory condition, characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of all layers of the bladder wall, which mimics bladder tumors. EC may present with symptoms such as increased urination frequency, dysuria, gross/microscopic hematuria, suprapubic pain and urinary retention.Case Presentation: We present a 17-year-old male patient, who was continent night and day in his childhood, and was admitted to our clinic for complaints of hematuria and nocturnal enuresis for the past six months. His history and physical examination were unremarkable, and routine hematological and biochemical tests were normal. Cystoscopy revealed a 43 cm erythematous, polypoidal, solid lesion on the bladder dome. Histopathological examination of the lesion revealed transitional epithelium with stromal edema, where diffuse, dense infiltration of lamina propria by eosinophils and lymphocytes was also seen. According to these findings, a histopathological diagnosis of EC was made, and the patient was treated with corticosteroids, antimicrobial agents and antihistamines. His symptoms dramatically improved and nocturnal enuresis also recovered after treatment.Conclusions: Although it is a rare entity, EC should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with dysuria, hematuria and any kind of acquired voiding dysfunction, including frequency, Pollakiuria and incontinence.

Background: We evaluated endoscopic treatment of ureter stones with a holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (Ho: YAG) lithotripter and an electrokinetic lithotripter (EKL) in children. Methods: Patients with ureteral stones, admitted to the pediatric surgery department of our hospital between November 2011 and January 2015, were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic data, initial symptoms, age, sex, stone size, preoperative renal pelvis diameter, use of a jj stent, and complications were recorded. We used a 4. 5 Fr semirigid ureterorenoscope with a Ho: YAG lithotripter and an EKL to treat ureteral stones. Results: In patients treated with Ho: YAG lithotripter, a total of 17 ureteroscopic procedures were performed on seven female and six male children having a mean age of 7. 62 4. 46 years. Seven of these patients had right, five had left, and one had bilateral ureteral stones, with a mean diameter of 8. 96  3. 52 mm. Preoperative pelvis renalis diameter was 16. 22  11. 45 mm. A jj stent was used in all patients. Abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea-vomiting, and Pollakiuria were the initial symptoms with complications such as hematuria, ureteral damage, infection, and spontaneous jj stent removal. In three cases, fragmentation was not successful and we needed a second session. In the EKL group, a total of 18 ureteroscopic procedures were performed on ten female and six male children with ameanage of 6. 81 3. 67 years. Six of these patients had right, eight had left and two had bilateral ureteral stones, with a mean diameter of 8. 26 2. 83 mm. Mean preoperative pelvis renalis diameter was 10. 18 2. 66 mm. No jj stent was used in these patients. Initial symptoms were abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea-vomiting, vomiting, dysuria, and pain in the costovertebral region, while hematuria was also among the postoperative complication. In two cases, fragmentation was not successful and an extra session was needed. Conclusions: Either of Ho: YAG lithotripter or EKL are effective and can be successfully used in ureteroscopic management of pediatric ureterolithiasis. The complication rate was slightly lower when an EKL was used.