Criminalization of certain deviances was brought forth in the light of the punishment concepts of Jeremy Bantam, but further developed under the influence of the positivism school teaching, especially the Dangerous mood theory, and for the time being, is recognized as the "Preventive crimes". Nowadays, the criminalization of such a behavior does not conform to the standards offered by the criminal law philosophers about criminalization. Considering the standards for reasons balancing, social compliance, prohibition of imposing damages on others and filtering what concerns the criminalization, in other to recognized a behavior as a crime (crimnal act) it is essential that First,the concerned behavior be inconsistent with the ethical principles and values of the society. Second, the application of non-penal actions would not be effective in counteracting that behavior. Third, there should be executive and practical grounds for fierce encounter with that behavior. As the aforesaid indications have not been observed in the criminalize tion of the Preventive crimes, considering them as a crime can not be rationally justified. On the other hand, the nature of such deviant behaviors is so that through application of non-penal actions and Preventive means, their extent can be limited. Therefore, as the first step, we should overlook the suppressive penal actions when confronting such behaviors and recommend the exercise of means law as the last penal of the Social Defense System. Iran criminal legislation does not follow a particular logic concerning such behaviors. Some of these behaviors in the Iranian Penal Code have been referred to as criminal acts, despite the fact that they are far beyond any criminalization logics.

Background and Aim: Today, resilience is one of the most important strategies of any organization, especially police organizations, to prevent disruption or return to the original state and more desirable in case of disruption. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for resilient police logistics. Methodology: This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type. Semi-structured interviews with 22 experts were conducted using purposeful judgment. The community of research participants is the managers and commanders of the Preventive Police and the Greater Tehran Disciplinary Command related to the operational command in the field of Preventive police, university professors of logistics of the Preventive Police and the deputy and expert managers of the Greater Tehran Disciplinary Command. They have a minimum bachelor's degree and at least 15 years of management at the highest levels of law enforcement and readiness and support. The method of data analysis is thematic analysis with Atrid-Sterling approach. Findings: The findings of the study include the dimensions, components and resilient logistics indicators of the police Preventive police force with emphasis on the Greater Tehran Police Command. The model presented in this study includes a total of 73 indicators in the form of 15 components and 5 main dimensions. Results: Considering that the issue of logistics resilience in the Preventive police is a systematic strategy, the results of the research also the dimensions of the resilient police logistics model in the form of a set of organizational, managerial and technical elements in resilience including organization and management, technology, interaction and Approves and emphasizes capabilities.

Historically, infectious diseases and undernutrition have been the focus of global health care initiatives by international organizations. However, there has been a move in recent years towards the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and cancer. NCDs have spread rapidly and are no longer restricted to highly industrialized countries. For the first time, in 1997 the World Health organization (WHO) reported that NCDs constitute a more significant contribution to ill health throughout the world than do infectious diseases. In contrast to the situation in industrialized countries, it has been shown that in some developing economies, obesity begins much earlier in life and reaches a peak by the early forties. According to WHO estimates, by the year 2020, NCDs will account for approximately three-quarters of all deaths in the developing world. In these societies, rapid modernization is associated with a cluster of NCD and unhealthy lifestyle including smoking, physical inactivity and rapid increase in junk food consumption. This has been described as the "Lifestyle Syndrome" or the "New World Syndrome", which is responsible for the very high rates of mortality in developing nations, and is likely to create an enormous socioeconomic and public health burden for poorer nations in the near future.      

Since taking office, the Obama administration has repeatedly affirmed its intent to prevent potential future international crises from becoming the source of costly new U.S. military commitments. In one of the earliest foreign policy pronouncements of the new administration, vice President Joseph R. Biden declared: “We’ll strive to act Preventively, not preemptively, to avoid whenever possible or wherever possible the choice of last resort between the risks of war and the dangers of inaction.”This would not be the first time senior U.S. officials have extolled the virtues of better crisis management and conflict prevention as a way to avoid costly military entanglements.Yet for all the avowed interest in Preventive action, the United States has repeatedly found itself responding to foreign crises belatedly and hastily with damaging consequences for U.S. regional interests and policy goals.In many other cases, moreover, regional instability and conflict have eventually necessitated major U.S. military interventions to stabilize and reconstruct the stricken country. The Obama administration’s declarations will intent to make Preventive action a policy priority for the United States.The hypothesis of this article indicates a direct relation between Obama's foreign policy and Preventive action in U.S. strategy. The Obama's foreign policy is the independent variable and Preventive strategy is the dependent variable and the theoretical framework is based on Agent-Structure approach.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, the environment and its protection have become one of the most important social and bioethics issues in the world of humanity. This study was conducted to investigate environmental crimes and provide prevention strategies. Materials and methods: In this analytical study, published materials related to the topic were collected and analyzed using library method. Then, recommendations have provided based on a Preventive and ethical approach. Findings: In general, the most important environmental problems are air pollution caused by industrial activities, pollution of water resources through the entry of urban and industrial wastewater into rivers, the lack of standardization in urban waste management, soil pollution due to the input of toxic substances and construction waste. Some environmental offenses include threats to public health, deliberate destruction of trees, excessive livestock grazing, unauthorized construction. Among the ways to prevent such crimes include legislative changes, conduct training courses for lawyers, the use of alternative prison sentences and the participation of people and NGOs in preventing environmental crimes. Also, criminal offenses enacted by legal entities and their importance require a criminal liability plan. Conclusion: Environmental crimes are one of the most important problems of human communities that have the ability to destroy it by affecting all aspects of community's life. Therefore, public participation in environmental protection in the form of NGOs, promoting community culture through mass media and cyberspace and updating the rules and regulations in this area are recommended.

Preventive Diplomacy, a concept promoted more than fifty years ago by Dag Hammarskjöld, former UN Secretary General, is now being institutionalized through United Nations Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA), which is established for the purpose of peaceful settlements of disputes, and prevention of conflicts by using Preventive and early warning mechanisms. The center is tasked with providing assistance and support to Central Asian states, and capacity building to prevent challenges that are potential issues of conflict within the region. This article will define the concept of Preventive diplomacy and explain regional crises, and then assess UNRCCA's activities in order to analyze the capacity of this organization in confronting regional security threats.