The emergence of electronic commerce (EC) in today world has changed the way of doing business for all stakeholders. In fact, in modern world, the advent of electronic commerce (EC) has had an enduring effects on business. Given the increasing importance of EC in the business environment, this research was aimed to answer this question: What are the EC benefits for both Producers and suppliers. To achieve this objective, the author used a content analysis method by reviewing the EC literature titled in organization and management journals. The application of frequency approach showed that the EC has twelve benefits for Producer / supplier. Then a questionnaire was distributed among all thirty five staff of a computer service firm. The finding show that eight out of twelve benefits that are: "competitive advantage", “access to a vast market”, ”access to day and night marketing”, “lessening red tape”, ” reducing spent time”, ” reducing cost”, ” lessening unnecessary trips” and ” direct interaction with customer” are most advantages respectively.

Tragedy is both a literary genre and an approach to life that narrates a disastrous ending. Hegel and Lukács consider tragedy to be the moment of separation of man from the world. Therefore, there is no tragedy in the world without such conflict. The present article argues that due to divine providence, medieval rationality in Iran lacked a tragic approach, and then by looking at Goldman's approach, who believed in the existence of a relationship between literary-ideological form and social structure, it shows that the contradictions And the internal tensions of the intellectuals' social position as the first Producers of the tragic approach in Iran, have played a key role in the formation of such a form in the fiction literature and based on its ups and downs, different types of tragic narratives have emerged. One can first recognize a kind of tragedy caused by the failure of an external obstacle, which shows the position of the intellectual who hopes for change and wants social support. But after the initial failures of the intellectuals, the tragedy of the narrative became a self-inflicted subject who blames himself for his failure. At the same time, a pattern of ontological tragedy appeared, which saw the possibility of salvation as impossible. With the continuation of historical failures, the basis of the desire for change was understood as a tragedy. As a result, a pattern of living without the illusion of liberation was narrated, which was a tragedy of repetition, and also a pattern that was the result of the deviation of the desire to change from the real realm to the symbolic realm, which appeared in the form of postmodern tragedy.

Many Iranian economists believe that Producer price index (PPI) inflation lead consumer price index (CPI) inflation. Based on this hypothesis, increasing (decreasing) in PPI inflation is a signal for future increasing (decreasing) in CPI inflation. Using CPI and PPI sub components, this paper tests the abovementioned hypothesis.359 sub components of consumer basket and 751 sub components of Producer basket during 1383 to 1392 are information used in calculations. The results show that PPI inflation does not lead CPI inflation, but by eliminating the common sub components between CPI and PPI from PPI components and reconstructing PPI, we see that reconstructed PPI inflation can lead CPI inflation both in long and short run.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of Producer cooperatives (PCs) on rural development in Fars, Khorasan, Semnan, Golestan and Hamadan provinces of Iran in 2007. More specifically, this paper focuses on the economic aspects and social changes occurred in rural area concerning the cooperatives development. In order to measure quantitatively the effectiveness of economic and social changes, we included per capita income, factors productivity, expansion of rain irrigation, technology changes as economic indicators and the rate of participation in social activities, rate of migration and job creation as social indicators in the model.The findings based on 212 Producers Cooperative sampling data in the selected provinces show that the PCs have played a positive role in preventing migration to urban area. Moreover, the PCs have statistically significant and positive effects on the production, employment and labor productivity in this sector. In addition, in some areas they contributed to develop commercial agriculture.

This paper focuses on the influences of Agricultural Producer Cooperatives (APC) on the production process of farmers in Iran. In the last decade, the Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture has devoted considerable amount of budget and efforts to promotion and establishment of APCs. An impact assessment survey was conducted in two southern provinces of Fars and Boushehr. Data were obtained from 52 managers and 260 members of 52 APCs. The study revealed that APCs were not successful in fulfillment of farmer's needs in different production stages.

Background: The need for high-quality education and setting principles and practices for enhancing educational policy and practice using modern techniques is self-evident. The entrance of students into the factories is sometimes limited, and of particular concern is that students likely face danger by their presence at the workplace. A review of the related literature revealed no research involving simulations of airborne particles in the occupational health labs in our country. The aim of this study was to design a Producer and simulator of airborne pollutants for measuring gases, vapors and particles in the lab.Method: First, a comprehensive search was performed through different and present modern laboratory systems for generation and collection of dust. Then, interviews were carried out with stakeholders researchers lecturers our colleagues and students. Later, the laboratory chamber for simulation was designed and assembled.Results: This paper describes laboratory chamber for simulation. It is possible to suspend dust, vapors and gases inside the chamber for measurement. The assessment of dispersed dusts inside the chamber showed relative steady concentration of respirable dust the average of which was 24.3 mg/m3 after 20 minutes.Conclusion: Satisfaction of occupational health students about good performance of chamber for teaching of sampling method indicates that this chamber can be used in all occupational labs for enhancing education quality without taking students to the field.