Today, a broad range of cell & molecular biology techniques are available in medical research. Among them, Proteomics provides an insight on identities, quantities, structures, and biochemical functions of complete set of proteins expressed in a tissue, cell or an organelle, and how these properties vary among time and specific physiological states. It should be mentioned that this novel high technology multidisciplinary field is a science rather than a tool. Therefore it truly represents "the post-genomic challenge" by which the evolution of diseases and influence of treatments could be investigated much better than genomics approach. Medical Proteomics offer a great opportunity to raise new queries and related answers about the mechanism of biological disorders. It allows classification of diseases based on their molecular profile (proteins), shed light on pathobiology of disorders, establishes a new precise tool in prognosis and diagnosis, and provides a surprising approach for investigating therapeutic targets. Medical Proteomics provides a promising prospect for many patients with refractory diseases as its primary signs have started to be emerging. Many physicians believe that medical Proteomics will change the future of today’s medical practice and give a novel definition to concepts of disease, health and ageing.

Nephrotic syndrome is the commonest glomerular disease. Typical symptoms could be proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema. The mechanism of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is a defective glomerular filtration barrier. Renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome currently which is invasive and based on histopathological features, therefore it seems to be necessary to search for noninvasive biomarkers to be used as the complementary tests in the diagnostics and prognostics of glomerular diseases, particularly when renal biopsy is limited or contraindicated. While a big proportion of urinary proteins originate from kidney tissue and these tissue specific proteins excrete more in kidney injury, therefore the identification of urinary proteins can further our understanding of renal dysfunction and renal disease including nephrotic syndrome. The interest of scientist to urinary Proteomics is also growing for biomarker discovery. This review focuses on some types of nephrotic syndrome and proteomic studies applying urine specimen which have been reported.

Proteins are fundamental components of cells which mediate many essential biological processes. Proteomics is a rapidly growing field for the study of proteome, the protein complement expressed by the genome of an organism or cell type. The large-scale analysis of proteins leads to a more comprehensive view of molecular and cellular pathways that improves the overall understanding of the complex processes supporting the living systems. The analysis of proteome is significantly challenging due to high dynamic range and difficulties in assessment of low abundance proteins and the absence of efficient purification and identification techniques. The proteomic technology is a useful research tool in variety fields: food technology, drug discovery, clinical application (biomarker discovery), protein-protein interactions studies and it will continue to advance understanding of variety of molecular process in different disease. A variety of methods have been utilized for protein studies including gel-based techniques, protein microarrays, mass spectrometry-based approaches such as MALDI and SELDI, high and ultra-performance liquid chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray crystallography methods are also used for structural study of proteins this review aims to give a brief overview of the above techniques and their most recent advances. We also introduce Proteominer, a recent protein enrichment technology for the exploration of the entire proteome content.