In the agricultural sector, groundwater is being polluted through influx of a part of nitrogen from Nitrogen fertilizers. Water contamination threatens villagers' health, because they provide their drinking water from wells nearby farms. In this paper contingent evaluation method has been employed to estimate water quality changes, as reflected by 310 respondents from some fore cities of: Rasht, Bandar anzali, Langrood and Astaneh ashrafieh from Gilan Province .The number of sample was assessed by use of purposely method and classified multistage. Results indicate that 54% of farmers support financial participation to improve water quality. With water contamination decline, the expected value of Willingness To Pay (WTP) is estimated to be 394069 and 437855 rials per family and per hectare. Also the average Willingness To Accept (WTA) are 13202501 and 13276136 rials per family and per hectare. Income classes and education specify the maximum and the minimum values of water quality changes, respectively.According to the results, balance between water quality conservation and durable economical production, will be achieved by implementing subsidiary support policies, changing distribution policies of nitrogen fertilizers to policies that improve livelihood of farmers, and as well, decrease water contamination from other incoming pollutants. JEL Classification: Q25, Q51, Q53.

Introduction: In recent years, financial development and its effects on the environment have received increasing attention. Indeed, financial development directly affects economic growth and energy consumption, so that affects the release of environmental pollutants. On the other hand, developed financial markets and an efficient banking system improve productivity and reduce environmental pollutants. Therefore, the present paper investigates the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran under regime conditions during the period 1971-2018. Material and Methods: In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran, the Markov-switching vector error correction method was used under regimes conditions. Finding: The results showed that financial development under two regime conditions affects carbon dioxide emissions. This means that in the zero regime has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. While in regime one, financial development has a negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Thus; Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran are affected by financial development regimes. Conclusion: According to the results of financial development in different regimes have different effects on carbon dioxide emissions, so it is appropriate in situations where financial development reduces carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen financial development to achieve both economic growth and development and Environmental protection also happens.  Jel Claddification: B29، C24، Q53  

Climate change is becoming a global crisis that can affect all aspects of human life on Earth, including the economy. So, protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development goals are now on the agenda of many governments. This article uses the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model to test the role of information communication technology as a transition variable. In this research, it is investigated whether ICT can decouple the economic growth from the increase in pollution by changing the effect of productivity on CO2 emission. The goal is to show whether policymakers can use the development of the digital economy around the world to achieve better environmental and economic outcomes. This study was conducted on a global scale and data from 108 countries was used from 2003 to 2019. The results show that the co2 emission follows a PSTR model with ICT as a transition variable that changes the effect of total factor productivity on co2 emission in favor of the environment. ICT development will improve carbon efficiency and reduce climate change.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting the payment of fossil fuel subsidies in oil exporting countries. To this end, the determinants of fossil fuel subsidies in selected exporting countries are divided into three sections: economic, political and institutional factors, and analyzed by the method of generalized moment data of dynamic panel data in the period 2003-2015. The results showed that variables such as carbon emissions and health costs are effective in paying gasoline subsidies. International Indicators of Risk also show the impact of institutional and political factors on subsidies. Based on the results, international organizations or management organizations should have targeted and accurate investment in improving the organizational and institutional capacity of the countries.