Maruf RASSAFI was born in 1875 in Bagdad. He attempted to reflect the pains of his society in his poetry. Therefore his most beautiful poems are about social issues especially poverty and deprivation. He was also known as the poet of the poor. The reason for this is the environment and poet’s sensitivity as well as internal psychological issues. RASSAFI was always looking for the reasons of poverty and deprivation and the most important reasons in his point of view were ignorance, old traditions hindering the social happiness, carelessness and colonialism. He also showed to the people the ways they could fight with poverty and oppression which were education, cooperation and avoiding being prodigal.   France: Maruf RASSAFI, analyste sociale de pauvreté   RASSAFI est né à Bagdad en 1875. Il tentait de refléter les douleurs sociales dans sa poésie. Ayant une conception critique, la plupart de ses odes exprime les questions sociales, telles que la pauvreté. Etant donné la présence de ce thème dans ses poèmes, on le considère comme “poète des pauvres”.Ce dernier en énumérant les origines de la pauvreté (ignorance, négligence, coutumes surannées et colonisation) appelle les gens à lutter contre ce phénomène, en cherchant le savoir, faisant la bonté envers les pauvres et ayant l’esprit de coopération et n’étant pas prodigue.Keywords: Marouf Rasafi, pauvreté, société   German: Maruf Resafi, der Analytiker der Soziale Lage und der Armut   Maruf Resafi geboren (1875) in Bakdad. Er versuchte in seine Gedichte die Soziale Probleme der Menschen offenbar zu machen. Deswegen handelt seine Schonste Gedichte um Soziale Themen.Er wurde als Dichter der Armen Bekannt und die wichtigste Grunde dafür sind: Seine Sensibilitat, seine Umgebung und die Gesamheit seines Fühlens. Er suchte immer nach den Grunden der Armut und seine Meinung nach sind die wichtigste Grunde der Armut: Die Unwissenheit, die alte Sitten, Nachlassigkeit und Kolonialismus.Er behauptet, dass man die Armut durch Gelehrsamkeit, Wohltat, Gutmütigkeit mit Armen, Zusammen Arbeit und keine Verschwendungssucht im Leben bekampfen kann. Keywords: Maruf Resafi, Armut und Entbehrung, Gesellschaft   Italian: Maruf Rasafi, el analista social de la pobreza y escasez   Maruf Rasafi nacio en 1875 en Bagdad. Él intento reflejar el dolor de su sociedad en sus poemas. Por tal motivo, en sus versos mas bonitos habla de los asuntos sociales, sobre todo de la pobreza hasta que le ha dado el apodo “el Poeta de los pobres”. De las razones de este interés podemos nombrar: sentimientos internos y psicologicos, y el ambiente donde vive el poeta. Rasafi siempre buscaba las causas de la pobreza. Unos de los puntos de vistas mas importantes de él es: ignorancia, tradiciones viejas que son como obstaculos de la alegria y la fuerza de la sociedad, negligencia, pereza y colonialismo. También él le enseno a la gente la lucha contra la pobreza, ciencia, bondad y apoyo de los ricos a los pobres, cooperacion y colaboracion, eliminar el derroche en la vida. Keywords: Maruf Rasafi, pobreza y escasez, sociedad   Spanish: Marouf RASSAFI Analista sociale della poverta’ e la privazioneMarouf RASSAFI e’ nato a Baghdad nell’1875, Esso ha cercato di riflettere nelle sue poesie I dolori della societa’.Per questo, nelle maggior parte delle sue bellissime odi si parla dei problemi della societa’.Specialmente Si parla dalla poverta’ e dalla privazione fino al punto che lo chiamano“poeta dei poveri”. La causa di questoa nominazione ritorna agli elementi che I piu’ important sono: il motivo interiore e spiritual, l’ambiente della poeta e la sua sensibilita, RASSAFI e’ sempre stato in ricerca dei motivi della poverta’ e la privazione. il piu’ importante dal suo punto di vista e’: l’ignoanza, le vecchie tradizioni che impediscono la gioia e la forza della societa’, la trascuratezza, il colonialismo, Esso anche dimostra alla le vie per lottare con la poverta’ che sono: studiare, beneficare dei ricchi verso I poveri, la collaborazione e non dissipare nella vita. Keywords: Maroof RASSAFI, Poverta’, societa

Al-RASSAFI the great Iraqi poet is one of the forerunner of literary movement and one of the greatest of classical poets, has composed many poems on admiration and description in the form of sonnet. However he is unique and well-known for his social and political poems. He has been called "poet of freedom" and "poet of the poor" because of his concern about political and social issues and his revolutionary and radical poems.His poems have many characteristics, beside the dignity of his language and magnificence of his style his verses are in line with the situation of his era and its needs, since the environment which the poet lived in was full of poverty. RASSAFI prefers to devote himself to the social and national affairs, and the suffering of his contemporary people. These factors made al-RASSAFI a great social poet and caused him to feel the pains and sorrows of his people in the depth of his heart. When we read his poems and concentrate on his odes we will find it like mirror in which political events, national movements, and social revolutions of his time are quite evident. He is the only Iraqi poet who distinguished his social poems. In this paper we are going to investigate the most important social tendencies of the poet, i.e. women and poverty.

The paper investigates the views of Malek-o Shor'ara Bahar and Maruf-o RASSAFI on women.Both poets have peculiar views on women. Bahar on one hand feels indebted to the society's traditional thoughts on feminism and on the other hand, is one of the first Iranian poets who is a defender of women’s emancipation and resists veil. RASSAFI takes the same position in this regards and in his poems, always defends women’s freedom and participation in the society.

Resistance literature is usually created in the conditions of oppression, inner despotism, lack of social and individual freedom, defiance of law, and foreign aggression. Since the old times to the period of Constitutionalism in Iran, and the contemporary Arab Movement, Iran and Egypt have produced valuable works in resistance literature due to their outstanding resistance to indoor injustice, foreign aggression and cultural attacks. In Iran, resistance literature has a flourishing in Constitutionalism era, and poets like Mirzadeh Eshghi, Seyed Ashrafodin Gilani, Aref Ghazvini, Farokhi Yazdi, and Bahar are the most active in this field; as for the contemporary Egyptian-Arabic Movement, poets like Hafez Ebrahim, Marouf Al-RASSAFI, Mohammad Mahdi Al-Javaheri, Mahmoud Darvish, Ebrahim Toqan, and Amal Donqol are among the celebrated ones. Malek-o-Shoara Bahar and Amal Donqol are political and liberal elite poets of Iran and Egypt who fought culturally against autarchy and colonizers. Based on the American school of comparative criticism, this study tries to illustrate resistance literature during Constitutionalism era in Iran, and the era of the Arab Movement.