2The current research was conducted with the aim of compiling and validating the educational package of the 10th grade Religion and life lesson based on Choice Theory. The research method for the stage of designing and compiling the educational package was descriptive-analytical method mixed . The main themes of the training package and the time required for training were taken from written sources such as the model of G schools and internal and external research projects. To validate the package, while using the face validity method, the content validity method was used in a qualitative and quantitative way. It was used with a panel of 14 experts. 14 experts were considered as the statistical population, 10 of them were in the field of psychology, two were in the field of curriculum planning, and two were in the field of education. In addition, two relative coefficients of content validity and content validity index were used. The minimum and maximum relative content validity coefficients for each item of the package were calculated as 1 and 0.71, and the content validity index in most sessions reached the number (0.85) for all goals in the educational protocol. The results revealed that the educational package of the Religion and Life lesson based on Choice Theory for 10th grade students have good formal and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational applications and research use.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of Religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of Religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (Religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of Religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of Religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

The influential physicist Richard Feynman became interested in the relationship between Religion and science during a mid-career phase. He proposed that their interface was embroiled in unresolvable difficulties. He felt that science demanded an attitude of uncertainty for its claims, while Religion contrarily required certain belief in its core doctrines. Though possessing several non-contradictory dimensions, Feynman felt that the nature of the truth claims of science and Religion suffered from insurmountable elemental conflicts. This was by contrast to Karl Popper, the leading critical rationalist of the 20th century, who argued that there could be no tension between science and Religion. This paper will argue that the ‘Feynman Problem’ is not as insoluble as it appears. Rather, several solutions exist within critical rationalism. Two will be presented-the first revolves around the conjectural basis of knowledge and is already a well characterised critical rationalist notion. The second is a novel solution based on the separate categorisation of psychological, pragmatic, and epistemological attitudes to Religion and science. Karl Popper’s view of Religion-science dissimilarity was a minimalist point of departure for critical rationalists, who have developed increasingly sophisticated frameworks for investigating the relationship between faith and reason. Critical rationalism represents an equally inspirational methodology for the pursuit of scientific and religious truth. Though both Feynman and Popper’s views on Religion were underdeveloped, they foreshadowed the Religion-science frameworks advocated by many late 20th century scientists, especially in the form of New Atheism and Gould’s NOMA theory.

This paper is about one of the inner aspects of the realm of Religion; that's, it discusses on the question whether the criteria of understanding Religions should be based on the Religions texts. There can be mentioned two viewpoints in this regard: the viewpoint that considers the criteria as components inside the Religions, and the one that regards them as elements outside the Religions. Presenting these two points of view, the author investigates into the proofs of each viewpoint. At the end, he shows some examples of the influences of the two viewpoints on the discussions related to the theoretical Religion.

Secularism is a political ideology that disintegrates Religion from state governance. While secularism may work for countries where the majority professed Religion that has no specific legal system viz. Christianity, it begins to exhibit its ineptness in countries that either have a multicultural identity or adopt a systematic Religion like Islam as its official Religion. To unravel this, secularism acquiesced to embody two divisions of secularism entailing freedom of Religion and freedom from Religion. The objective of the writing is to resolve the conflicts of the secularism ideology in multicultural state.  The methodology adopted in the research is doctrinal legal research which employed qualitative research. For multicultural counterparts, the absolute disintegration of Religion raises difficulties, hence, they opt for the secular concept of freedom of Religion. However, from the Islamic perspective, secularism contrasts with Islamic teachings as it is conclusive in every aspect of human life. It has its own foundations and laws that shall be followed at all times. Additionally, the impacts of secularism on the social, educational, and moral aspects have made its germaneness be put in question. Thus, there must be a law to regulate the abovementioned matter in order to ensure the community live with peace and harmony

Idrisids were the first Alawid state in west Aghsa who gained their independence from the Abbasid caliphates by Idris ibn Abdollah Hassani in 172 Hjri/788 B.C. There exists great controversy among historians regarding Idrisid's Religion i.e. whether they were shiaor not. Some have regarded them as Motazila and some considered them to be Shia without pointing to any particular sect type while others have called them Motazila Shia and some have used just the term Alawi to describe them. In this paper, after an analysis of different viewpoints of historians, it is concluded that most probably the Idrisis were Zaidi Shias according to historical evidences and documents. On the other hand, their fundamental beliefs indicated that they could also be Motazili and their minor beliefs they were following Hanafite jurisprudence rules. But they never officially announced their Religion due to political reasons.

Achaemenian Religion consists of seven chapters, preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusion, bibliography and an index. The Religion during the Achaemenid or the Achaemenian Empire, also called the First Persian Empire is one of the very important topics of ancient Iran that has arguably been discussed. Reza MehrAfarin, a professor at the University of Mazandaran, who has written many articles about the Achaemenids (see MehrAfarin, 2021) has recently written a book on the Achaemenian Religion that has jointly published by Aryaramna Press and Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group...

It is evident that the more the majority of the people of a society are attached to the Social and political Laws and regard them sacred the more they accept them.Human beings observe special rites to show their devotion to the sacred beliefs. A set of these sacred beliefs along with external symbols of them is called the civil Religion of a society. We can find it in ancient Greece and Rome, and then in the works of many sociologists and political philosophers such as Rousseau and Durkheim. In modem age, Robert Bella, the American sociologist, claimed that he has discovered another Religion besides Christianity but separated from it in the United States. Its basis was the sacredness of civil laws, individuals and related documents. He called this phenomenon civil Religion.This paper wants to study critically the root and beliefs of civil Religion.

Religion has a unique, distinct nature in the classical phenomenology of Religion that can never be delivered to a historical, social and political matter and should be considered in his own terms and value, i.e. religious, sacred and supernatural essence. the method; here, in the analytic-critical approach, the foundations and assumptions of the suigeneris Religion are discussed. the consequences of this look at the phenomenon of Religion are:(1)essentialism which causes the reduction of multiplicity to unity and dehistorization and generalization of religious phenomena, regardless of the social and cultural contexts and differences, studies merely non-historical structures and patterns. hence, the worldly function of Religion is neglected.(2)requires a theological, ideological and apologetic conception, a transcendental and metaphysical assumption and paying attention to Religion focus and its ontological reality and the existence of religious practice instead of studying Religion. (3) incomparability, escaping from explanation and limited description of religious phenomena, and devout belief authentication to preserve the status and value of Religion and thus its product (4) is unrealistic and non-untenable and without scientific value and proof.Key words:classical phenomenology of Religion, suigeneris Religion, the sacred, homo-religious, anti-reductionism,sui generis ReligionKey words:classical phenomenology of Religion, suigeneris Religion, the sacred, homo-religious, anti-reductionism,sui generis Religion