In this research which is based on synoptic Climatology procedures including synoptic maps interpretation and statistical analysis, the air masses influencing Iran, in three stations: Tehran, Shiraz and Kermanshah based on the temperature and dew point, daily upper air data surface, 850,700,500 hecopascal for the years 1981-90 were studied.Also in this research in order to identify the air masses, based on the conservation of air mass properties law, the following parameters: potential temperature, wet bulb potential temperature and mixing ration were selected, and Calculated. statistical analyses such as principal component and cluster analysis were done. Given all the information above the results are as follow:For Tehran station 4 Shiraz 3 and Kermanshah 3 factors were extracted, and based on these factors hierarchical cluster analysis for aggregate days was applied and then mean analysis for all data was done. With comparing the average value of all parameters in each groups and comparing them with the data of Aswan, Ashkhabad and Mediterranean air mass properties, these air masses tmA.,cA,cP,mT,cT and med. were determined.And then based on the data of potential temperature and mixing ratio of 500 hectopascal index days was extracted and tephigrams for these days were prepared and their synoptic maps were studied.

Ostrich considered as a high value bird in comparison with other birds and domestic animals because of having low cholesterol and fat and more Fe level meat. Utero-vaginal junction Has sperm storage tubules which store spermatozoa. As There are not any simultaneusly research done on this part in breeding season and Non-breeding SEASONS, these organs were studied anatomically and histologically. For this, every month four oviducts of adult ostrich were provided (overall 48 oviducts) and Utero-vaginal junction was anatomically studied. Then tissue samples were taken. Samples were obtained, using Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit. The anatomical results suggest there is a sigmoid curve in the start of the vagina. Histological results showed the epithelium of this part is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar and in some Month, s epithelium was simple ciliated columnar. Epithelium of tubules were simple non- ciliated columnar. Statistical analysis result suggest The length and width of this part and The number and diameter of sperm storage tubules in first half of year is larger from second half year. Maximum average size belongs to 23 July-25 August and minimum to 22 December-20 January.

Onset and End of Natural SEASONS in Iran Introduction:  Season is the natural pattern of change in nature, which is related to the movement of the sun, the temperature cycle, the life cycle of the earth (phenology) and human culture. In astronomical and climatic SEASONS, a year divided into four SEASONS, spring, and summer, autumn and winter (Alsop, 2005), (Trenberth, 1983). Season is a period of the year with a homogeneous climate (Alsop, 1989), that is difficult to determine exactly when to start and end. The methods of determining of the SEASONS are: change in the face of the earth (Cayan et al, 2001), (Wang et al., 2021), constant temperature threshold, (Jaagus et al, 2003; Kitowski et al, 2019; Ruosteenoja et al, 2019; Alijani,1998), Air Masses, (Lamb, 1950; Cheng et al, 1997; Pielke et al, 1987; Kalinicky,1987; Alpert et al, 2004). What is a natural constant sign is the key to determining change and starting a new season. Organisms react to the onset and end of natural SEASONS by changing their behavior. Naturally, plants and animals adjust and adapt their phonological stages to temperature changes and jumps (Sparks et al, 2002), Plants germinate and flower in spring,fruit in summer, reduced activity and leaf in autumn and in winter fall asleep (Menzel et al, 1999 Animals are also adapted to reproduction, nesting and childbirth, And their phonological period is also related to vegetation conditions. In other words, the life stages of living organisms are adapted and dependent on these natural changes (Schwartz et al, 2000). Some organisms also migrate in order to adapt (Smith et al, 2012). The genetic response of organisms to rapid climate change and SEASONS associated with winter warming across the north, the early onset of spring and a long growing season is a factor in impairing the physiological response (reproduction, dormancy or migration time) of species(Bradshaw et al, 2008). On the other hand, the sensible temperature of organisms is affected by radiation, wind, air temperature and humidity. As appearance temperature is an important heat factor (heat and cold) in nature, to which animals, plants and humans react. Ruosteenoja et al (2019), showed the length and onset SEASONS of European with thresholds of 0 and 10 ° C focusing on the scenario of a 2 ° increase in temperature, an increase in summer length and a decrease in winter compared to pre-industrialization. The length of summer increases by 1 degree, increases by 10 days, and the length of winters decreases by 10 to 24 days. Kitowski et al, (2019), showed the onset of summer earlier, the shorter autumn, the longer summer and the shorter winter in Poland with zero-, 5- and 15-degree temperature thresholds. Wang et al, (2021) change the onset time and length of natural and summer SEASONS from 78 days to 95 days, and spring, autumn and winter, 124 to 115, 87 to 82, and 76 to 73 days, respectively. Also, summer is halfway through the year and winter is less than two months to 2100 in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere. Dong (2009) showed that in most parts of China since 1950, summers have been longer and winters shorter, with the onset of summer 5.8 days earlier and the length of the season 9 days longer and the winter 5.6 days later and the length of the season 11 days. Changes in transition SEASONS are less. Season start, end and season length changes studied in Oregon and Washington (Alsop, 1989), in the United States (Barry and Perry, 1973), Europe (Jaagus et al, 2003), Estonia (Jaagus et al, 2000), South Korea (Choi et al, 2006), China (Ma et al, 2020), Xinjiang in northwestern China (Jiang et al, 2011; Cheng et al, 1997), Eastern Mediterranean (Alpert et al, 2004), Iran (Alijani ,1377). Therefore, with the increasing trend of temperature in different regions of Iran (Alijani et al, 2012), study of change of the start and end dates of natural SEASONS in connection with life in nature is necessary (Penuelas et al, 2002). The aim of this study is determine the time of onset, end and length of natural and significant SEASONS and its difference with astronomical and climatic SEASONS in Iran with highlands, inland and coastal lowlands in the north and south with a new approach based on biological physiology. Material and methods: To determine the onset and end of natural SEASONS, daily data of relative humidity, water vapor pressure, and wind speed and air temperature over a 60-year period for 32 synoptic stations in Iran from 1959 to 2018 were used. Selected stations cover all areas of Iran (coastal, low and highlands). In the first step, the apparent daily temperature of each station was calculated (Formula 1). In the second stage, with the knowledge of the direct effect of atmospheric circulation factors in the occurrence of natural phenomena (Alijani, 2011) And rapid changes in temperature (season), the 4-day moving averages of apparent temperature (average life of cyclone and anticyclone) at each station were calculated and was the basis of study. The onset and end of the season are with a natural and biological approach related to the stages of bio phenology and the natural part's reaction to temperature changes. Therefore, the apparent temperature of zero and below zero with the reduction or cessation of biological activity in nature, is the onset of winter. On the other hand, the time required by nature to adapt to new temperature conditions, is at least 10 days (Joy, 2017). Therefore, the temperature of zero degrees and non-return to zero Up to at least the next 10 days, is the basis for the onset of winter. In fact, with the continuation of sub-zero temperatures for 10 days, the living part of nature receives the signal of change. If after that, for a period of less than 10 days, the temperature goes above zero, the situation will not return to the previous state (nature did not react and adaptation occurred). On the other hand, the best temperature for the growth period is from at least zero degrees to a maximum of 30 degrees in nature (Abrami, 1972). The second key indicator is the temperature of the onset of summer and the warm period. For the onset of the summer season, the temperature of 20 degrees was base with the previous conditions. Because at this temperature, the reproductive period in plants and animals has started, most animals and plants have children and humans also feel warm. As plants begin to fill grain at this temperature, including wheat (Jenner, 1991 and Dupont et al, 2003) as the world's oldest grain. Here, the same condiction as before, don’t return to 20 degrees for at least the next 10 days was the basis. So at the onset of both SEASONS, if the temperature returns to zero and 20 in the 10-day period, the season has not begun, and in that year the station does not have winter and summer, respectively. Then, the temperature of 19 degrees and less with the above conditions, the onset of autumn and the temperature of 1 degree and more with the above conditions, are the basis for the onset of spring. Formula 1: Calculate the apparent temperature                      AT = T + 0.33 PV - 0.7 WS – 4 T = air temperature in Celsius, PV = water vapor pressure in hPa, WS = wind speed in meters per second, AT = apparent temperature in Celsius Results and discussion:  The onset and end of natural SEASONS are different in the geographical and topographical location of Iran. Southern regions and the northern coasts are two SEASONS with a warm summer season and a transitional season (cool). Other parts of Iran, like the temperate regions of the globe, have four SEASONS, but the start, end and length varies. The longest winter in the northwest and the western heights and the length of winter to the east and south is short and vice versa, the longest summer in the south and center of Iran. Spring season in below 29 degrees orbit, Khuzestan and the shores of the Caspian Sea is not a separate season, but with the absence of winter, it merges with autumn. In other regions, spring begins in the south and northwest, respectively, from 31 January to 8 March. In most parts of Iran, the onset of spring coincides with the traditional date of Nowruz, after small chelleh of winter. This month coincides with the rise in temperature and the revival of nature and the introduction of the New Year. The end of spring in the central regions, 10 May and in the northwest, 18 June, and its length varies from 103 to 96 days in the northwest and northeast, respectively. In the temperate regions of Iran, it is about three months with a 10-day spatial fluctuation (Table 1). The onset of summer is with a new stage of phenology in nature. The onset of summer is from 15 April on the southern coasts with high tropical arrival and the latest onset of summer in the northwestern part is 19 June (Table 1). In the south of the orbit of 29 degrees and the region of Khuzestan, until 8 May, in the central and northeastern regions of Iran from 22 May to 29 May and the west and northwest region, from mid-June to the end of June. The end of summer, as opposed to the onset, is the earliest time of 17 September in the northwest, and in the southern regions of Iran, the end of 8 October is in the 29 degree orbit. The southern regions of Iran, the longest summer that shows the role of latitude and slower exit of the tropical system (Alijani, 1390). The length of the summer season in temperate regions varies from 90 to 139 days, approximately three to five months, respectively in the northwest and the 29-degree geographical orbit, respectively. Therefore, the spatial trend of summer length from east and south of Iran to north and northwest is decreasing and there are the shortest summers in northwest of Iran. Naturally, this spatial trend is related to the high-altitude inbound and outbound routes of the subcontinent and the western systems from the south and northwest, respectively. The month of October and November is the onset of autumn in Iran, in the northwest and northeast, with the arrival of cold atmospheric circulation from above, the angle of radiation and altitude, is 18 September. The latest start of autumn in Hormozgan is 12 November (Table 1). The end of autumn is the first of April to the first of June in the south and north coasts, respectively. In the northeast of Iran, 24 to 28 December, and in the central regions, 28 to 31 December, is the end of the autumn season. The earliest end in the northwestern regions of Iran at the end of December is 10-17 December. The length of the autumn season in temperate regions is 83 to 97 days, respectively, in the northwest and northeast, that’s an average of nearly three months. With the onset of winter, decreases in temperature (frost) and winter during the year below the 29 degree orbit are rare, but on the northern coast, with the influence of atmospheric systems, it is a coincidence. In other regions of Iran, northwest, west and east of Zagros and south of Alborz, above 29 degree orbit, from 11 December to 1 January, is the time of winter. Respectively, the earliest onset of winter is in the northwest, and the latest onset in the central regions (Table 1). As the westerly winds of the extraterrestrial latitudes with cyclones and anticyclones dominate the Iranian atmosphere, also, the angle of radiation and the amount of radiation received at the earth's surface at this time, reaches a minimum during the year. The end of winter in temperate regions is from 30 January in the 29 degree orbit to 7 March in the northwestern regions. Winter length reaches 86 days in northwestern Iran, 29 days in central regions (above 29 degree orbit) and 58 days in northeastern Iran, Therefore, there are only three winter months in northwestern Iran and in other parts of Iran, it is the shortest season during the year. Spatial trend of winter length from northwest of Iran to east and south is decreasing. Figure1: Date of onset, end and duration of natural SEASONS in different regions of Iran Fall Summer Spring Winter Season Length End onset Length End onset Length End onset Length End onset 83 10 Dec 18 Sep 227 17 Sep 15 Apr 100 10 may 31 Jan 86 30 Jan 11 Dec Earlier 160 21 Apr 13 Nov 90 12 Nov 19 Jun 103 18 Jun 8 Mar 29 7 Mar 1 Jan Later 77 133 56 137 55 65 3 39 36 57 36 21 Fluctuation Conclusion: The time of the onset, end and length of natural SEASONS in Iran are different from astronomical and calendar SEASONS. The slow decreasing and increasing trend of temperature at the onset and end of the SEASONS is initially a function of the angle of radiation and the length of day and night, but the real onset of a season with temperature jumps associated with the migratory atmospheric system (cyclone and anticyclone), Siberian hypertension, It is from the north and high in the subtropics from the south. Areas below 29 degree orbit in the south of Iran and Khuzestan and the northern coasts, have only two SEASONS of autumn (cool) and summer (warm) and the temperature decreases to zero and less (occurrence of winter), in the southern regions, rare and on the northern coasts is accidental and short. The apparent temperature in these areas has been decreasing since late summer and in the middle of the cold period, it is decreasing to the maximum (lowest temperature during the year) and increasing again until the onset of summer. Therefore, the above areas are two periods, with a cool season and a hot and hot season. The southern coasts of Iran and Khuzestan have short cooling SEASONS and long hot and hot summers, and the northern coasts, on the contrary, have shorter summers and longer and cooler autumns, that The influence of water temperature, latitude, topography and atmospheric systems are effective in these differences. In other regions of Iran, except the mentioned regions, four natural SEASONS occur (spring, summer, autumn and winter). In connection with the role of latitude, altitude, the arrival of migratory and high pressure Siberian atmospheric systems, the time of onset, end and length of the season has a change of location. As the length of summer is more in the southern, eastern and central regions of Iran and decreases in the northwest and west of Iran, and the length of winter is the opposite. The length of the transitional SEASONS (autumn and spring) in the temperate regions of Iran is not different and the three months in the season are similar to the astronomical and calendar SEASONS. The most important spatial difference is during winter and summer. Winter decreases from three months in the northwest of Iran to the south and east of Iran and reaches a month in the 29 degree orbit. On the other hand, the length of summer, on the contrary, varies from five and three months from east and south of Iran to northwest of Iran. Therefore, in temperate regions of Iran, the length of natural SEASONS from the south and east of Iran to the west and northwest of Iran is more regular and approaches to three months in each season. This spatial trend indicates the climatic similarity of western and northwestern Iran with temperate regions of the globe in higher latitudes and but to the center, south and east of Iran, this similarity decreases and to hot and cold dry desert climate in the Middle East and central Asia region is similar, respectively. This indicates regularity and order in nature, which is related to the geographical principle of Tobler’s law, the spatial correlation of climates and the onset, end and length of their SEASONS. Therefore, if we consider three months in a season as a natural feature of the temperate regions of the earth and two SEASONS (climatic period) as a feature of the subtropical regions, Iran is in the transition zone of these two climates. As from three months, the length of each season in the northwest to less than a month in the range of orbit 29 degrees, and then the subtropical conditions with two SEASONS (warm and cool) appear. Therefore, from northwest to east and south of Iran, the climatic moderation decreases and its tropical sub-characteristic (longer summer and shorter winter) heat and dryness to heat and humidity in southern Iran is added. Naturally, in this spatial process, primarily large-scale atmospheric rotations and secondly, geographical phenomena (their shape and position) play a pivotal role. The Caspian Sea coast is an exception to this rule due to its higher latitude and complexity of geographical phenomena and the role of water, because the climate systems related to the Caspian climate are different from other regions of Iran. Key words: Natural SEASONS, Apparent Temperature, Plant and Animal Phenology, Iran.

The maximum, minimum and mean temperature data for 4 stations from Kermanshah province namely Kermanshah, Sarepole Zahab, Eslamabade gharb and Kangavar in a period of 15 years from 1986- 2000 were obtained and used. After reviewing and comparing the results, finally agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis techniques were selected for the determination of natural SEASONS in Kermanshah province on the basis of 7 days daily average temperature data.The results of the study show that in Kermanshah province, the hole year basically is divided into two main SEASONS. Summer and winter are more important than other two SEASONS namely spring and autumn in this region. The SEASONS of spring and autumn are very short. On the basis of combined temperature indices of absolute minimum, maximum and mean weekly temperatures in Kermanshah province, winter lasts 16 weeks, summer 19 weeks, spring 9 weeks and autumn only 8 weeks.Natural SEASONS in this province do not start at the beginning of calendar SEASONS. On the basis of the used indices, winter begins from the 48th week, spring from the 12th week, summer from the 21st week and autumn from 40th week of the year. These dates are true for other stations too. In the warm section of the province namely Sarepole Zahab station, spring begins when the temperature reaches 24.3 degrees centigrade, summer with 36.6 ,autumn with 34.5 and winter begins with 21.3 degrees centigrade. In the cold section of the province i.e. Kangavar station, spring begins when the temperature reaches 10.7 degrees centigrade, summer begins with 19.3, autumn with 15.8 and winter begins with 7.7 degrees centigrade.There is a general belief that says in cold regions of Kermanshah province the winter season is longer than the other 3 SEASONS and in warm section of this province the summer season is longer than the other 3 SEASONS too,but the results of this study did not confirm this belief.

Cluster analysis on 588 monthly precipitation maps of Iran during the last half century showed that there are five precipitation regions in Iran with two to three precipitation SEASONS. In general, the winter time precipitation is more stable and a great deal of variability in summer time precipitation is evident. Region number two is the wettest part of the country and region number one is the driest one. The analysis showed that the climatological calendar has a specific spatial behavior.

The main objective of this study was to investigate how months cluster in any thermal regions based on temperature. For this purpose, the mean of daily temperature data have been provided using 620 synoptic and climatology stations. Then, mean temperature was converted for any station, based on solar calendar, and maps of mean daily temperature have been interpolated using kriging method. Spatial resolution of these maps was 18*18Km. So that 5214 pixels covered the country and temporal and spatial behavior of mean temperature could be represented by a 5214*366 matrix. An agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis with ward's linkage applied on this matrix and six different thermal regions were detected. In creating thermal regions topography spatial configuration and latitude have been involved. For diagnosing thermal SEASONS in Iran, mean matrix of monthly temperature was calculated. A repeated agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis applied on data of transpose matrix showed that there were three thermal SEASONS cold, moderate and warm with four months in Iran, which was similar in all six thermal regions. Recognition of thermal SEASONS is important for energy consumption and tourism timing management.

Quantitative microscopic structure of testis in adult Arabian rams, raised under closed grazing system in Khuzestan province of Iran, was studied in four SEASONS over a one year period. For this purpose, thirty adult rams were randomly selected and the live weight and scrotal circumference of rams were recorded. At the beginning of each season, among the study group, four rams were randomly selected, slaughtered and their left testes were removed and weighed. For microscopic studies, tissue samples were excised from the left testes, fixed in Bouin’s solution and embedded in paraffin. Cross-sections (5 µm thickness) were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and evaluated with quantitative techniques. The results showed that scrotal circumferences, weight and volume of testis varied significantly throughout the year, with the lowest values in early summer (P<0.05). Seminiferous tubule diameter was highest in early winter (220.97±12.15µm). Also, relative and total volumes of seminiferous tubules and germinal epithelium gradually increased during the summer and autumn, with highest values in early winter. Higher relative volume of seminiferuos tubuli lumina (P<0.05) was found in early summer (%12.15±0.35). Lower relative volume of interstitial tissue (P<0.05) was found in early winter (%15.70±0.49). Scrotal circumference was significantly correlated with the seminiferous tubule diameter and the total volume of seminiferous tubules (r=0.70, P<0.01). The results indicated that the stereological structure of testis in Arabian rams raised under closed grazing system in the Khuzestan province of Iran is highly affected by season.

Due to the climate variation in different regions of the province of Kerman, and the importance of temperature in climatic hazards such as frostbite, late spring periods and heat stress, the extraction of temperature periods is necessary with a Scrutiny approach to the natural SEASONS of the province. For this purpose, after providing daily databases, for the preparation of 73 rows and 12 columns per quadrant matrix, the average temperature data of the synoptic stations of Lalehzar, Baft, Shahrbabak, Kerman, Sirjan, Zarand, Anar, Rafsanjan, Bam, Jiroft, Kahnouj, and Shahdad were used. Then, using statistical analyzes and manual method, the beginning and the end of temperature periods in different regions of Kerman province were determined and the temperature SEASONS of these areas were extracted. The results of this study showed that with the exception of the Lalehzar area, which has three SEASONS of temperature corresponding to the natural SEASONS of winter, spring and autumn, the remaining regions of Kerman province have four separate SEASONS. However, it is different from time to time, the beginning and the end of the SEASONS in different regions of Kerman province. The longest natural summers are Shahdad and Kahnouj and the longest natural winters are Laleh Zar. In addition to the potential for temperature variation in different areas of the province, occurrence of climatic hazards, such as late pomegranate, can be detected.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seasonal variability on the assisted reproductive technique (ART) success rate.Materials and methods: This study was a descriptive – analytical survey performed on 91 infertile women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection – embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) in different SEASONS. The patients aged less than 35 years old and had normal LH/FSH ratio. All patients entered long protocol down regulation treatment cycle and the picked up oocytes were transferred to GIII medium in the infertility laboratory. The cumulus characteristics, oocyte parameters including number of the retrieved oocytes, morphological characteristics, fertilization and degeneration rate and number of cleaved embryos were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.  Results: The number of embryos was significantly higher in autumn. Abnormal morphological parameters (color, size, zona thickness) and the degeneration rate were significantly higher in spring. The number of retrieved oocytes, MI, MII oocytes and fertilization rate had no significant seasonal variations.Conclusion: The results of this study showed a significant seasonal variation in morphological parameters of the oocytes, degeneration rate and the number of formed embryos.