Quercetin is a biological flavonoid, which can be found in red kidney bean at high concentration. In this study, a comparison was conducted between traditional and modern EXTRACTION methods. SEQUENTIAL microwave-assisted EXTRACTION was used for isolation of quercetin from red kidney bean. The effect of several factors such as particle size of grinded kidney bean, EXTRACTION solvent, microwave power and EXTRACTION time on the EXTRACTION yield of quercetin was considered. To analyze the quercetin, HPLC method was developed. The highest EXTRACTION efficiency was obtained (35. 8 mg quercetin /g kidney bean) when 60 w/w% acetone used as the solvent. In addition, the solvent to solid ratio was 10: 1 and the irradiation power of 800W was applied for the experiment duration of 1 min. Acquired EXTRACTION yield according to the current method was higher than extracted quercetin from soxhlet (24. 6 mg quercetin /g kidney bean) and maceration (32. 75 mg quercetin /g kidney bean). In the present study, quercetin was successfully extracted from kidney bean by microwave-assisted EXTRACTION. Quercetin structure remains intact and can be used to produce therapeutic compounds.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 3 extractants on K release from biotite, phlogopite and muscovite. The minerals were grouped to <60 and 60-100 mm size classes. Particles CEC were saturated with calcium. SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION up to 30 times was carried out using 0.01 M HCl, 1M NH4OAc and 0.05 M BaCl2 solutions and cumulative concentration of K was calculated for each extractant. There was a difference among the 3 extractants in cumulative K release values from the three minerals. The highest values of cumulative K release were obtained by 0.01 M HCl and 1M NH4OAc for less than 60 and 60-100 mm particle sizes, respectively. The amount of K release from muscovite was even higher when 1 M NH4OAc and 0.05 M BaCl2 solutions were used as extractants. This might indicate that muscovite cannot be considered as an ineffective source of available K in soils. Furthermore, particle size had a great impact on nonexchangeable K release from micaceous minerals. Coarser particles released higher quantity of K as compared to that of finer particles. Therefore, particle size distribution of different micaceous minerals in soils may be a factor that causes a difference in the amount of K release from soils.

Background and Aim: Although orthodontists have long recognized that the EXTRACTION (Ext) of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext, on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Materials & Methods: Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-EXTRACTION (Non-Ext) protocol, 16 patients were treated with EXTRACTIONs of 5.5, 18 patients with 4.4 and 14 patients with 4.5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.Results: The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant (P<0.001).The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of upper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various EXTRACTION sequences (5.5, 4.4, 4.5) for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes.Conclusions: l) The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusive in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group. 2) There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar EXTRACTION sequences.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Solid wastes are composed of organic and inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) that can contaminate soil, underground and surface water; resulting in serious health challenges to humans. The bioavailability of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel on dumpsite soils, were investigated during the wet and dry seasons of 2018 by a SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION method (Tessier). METHODS: The soils were sampled from eight points within each of two dumpsites in Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State. Top soil of 0– 15 cm depth was sampled, air-dried and sieved. The extracted soil samples were analysed for heavy metal concentrations using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. FINDINGS: In the dumpsite soils examined, cadmium, chromium, copper and lead were majorly bound to the residual fractions at the first and second dumpsites, respectively for both seasons with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of: Cd – 0. 65 ± 0. 12 and 1. 20 ± 0. 07, Cr – 36. 83 ± 5. 70 and 26. 83 ± 3. 57, Cu – 28. 37 ± 3. 69 and 8. 04 ± 0. 32, Pb – 12. 40 ± 2. 34 and 14. 11 ± 2. 44, but Ni was found mainly in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction during the wet season, with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 6. 22 ± 1. 33 and 8. 24 ± 0. 78, for dumpsites A and B, respectively. The values obtained for these metals were higher during the dry season than a wet season and there were no metals in the mobile fractions for wet season. However, cadmium and lead were found in the carbonate fraction during the dry season, resulting in their bioavailability in the soils. CONCLUSION: The speciation results revealed that heavy metals were more bioavailable in the residual fractions. The absence of mobile fractions in the soils indicated that metals are not bioavailable for plants uptake at present condition; hence, the metals obtained are of geogenic rather than anthropogenic origin.

Determining the best EXTRACTION method to obtain high yield of essential oils from medicinal plants has been identified as one of the challenges in scientific research. The SEQUENTIAL ultrasound-microwave method is a new EXTRACTION method that in this research has been applied to EXTRACTION of essential oil from basil. In order to investigate the effect of this approach on enhancing EXTRACTION yield, the microwave method was examined as a base method. To optimize the EXTRACTION conditions of the SEQUENTIAL method, ultrasonic power, microwave power, and EXTRACTION time were determined as independent variables and essential oil yield as response. Experiments were modeled by central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The highest yield (2.3% w/w) was obtained at 300 W of ultrasonic power, 600 W of microwave power, and 40 min of EXTRACTION time. While the base method yield was 0.74% w/w. The chemical composition analysis of the active compounds showed that the number of compounds in the SEQUENTIAL approach is higher than those in the microwave method. Furthermore, by comparing the antioxidant properties obtained by DPPH and FRAP methods, the SEQUENTIAL method was better in preserving the antioxidant properties of basil essential oil. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed more damage to the glands containing the active ingredients by the SEQUENTIAL process than the base method. Generally, the SEQUENTIAL ultrasound-microwave method can be introduced as an efficient method for the EXTRACTION of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum.