The proliferation of electrical and electronic products in modern lifestyles has led to a significant increase in STANDBY power consumption, posing a challenge for energy conservation efforts. In response, this study explores the potential of user-centric design methodologies in addressing STANDBY power management and energy efficiency. By analyzing human error categories and user interaction behavior, the research aims to identify design gaps and develop strategies for mitigating human errors in STANDBY power usage. Through an exploratory and explanatory approach, data gathered from questionnaires provide insights into users' habits, needs, attitudes, and reflections related to STANDBY power consumption. The findings highlight the potential for user-centric approaches to effectively control STANDBY power in connected appliances, paving the road for future advancements in appliance design that prioritize user behavior and preferences. This study offers a novel perspective on STANDBY power management, emphasizing the importance of human error alleviation and user-centric design in achieving energy efficiency goals.

The Letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). For this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. The classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial obligation is rooted in the documents that demonstrates the making of transaction by the beneficiary and it is used as a mechanism of payment and financial security in international transaction of goods. Contrary to commercial letter of credit which is a payment document, STANDBY letter of credit has been taken into account for protection of beneficiary in case of default of payment to perform obligation or payment. STANDBY letters of credit are equal to bank guarantee and issued as performance and obligation security and in the form of letter of credit. This article with comparing of commercial letter of credit and STANDBY letter of credit is to review the similarities and differences of these two documents and the most important legal aspects of both are compared in order to answer this question that when and in which form each of these means are used in international trade by the parties.

We introduce a new methodology to evaluate the reliability of non-repairable dissimilar-component cold-STANDBY redundant systems. Furthermore, we also develop an optimization method for this system. Each component may consist of individual, series and parallel elements. Whenever an operating component fails, the next dissimilar component is put into operation immediately. In other words, the elements that function initially are backed up by one or more cold-STANDBY redundant elements. It is assumed the lifetime of elements are independent random variables with exponential or Erlang distribution. The purchasing price of each element is an increasing function of its expected lifetime. To evaluate the system reliability, we apply the shortest path technique of stochastic networks. To do that, a directed stochastic network, called E-network is constructed, in which each path corresponds with a minimal cut of the reliability graph. Finally, we construct a bicriteria problem and apply the goal programming technique to solve the related problem to determine the optimal allocation of reliability to the elements of the system.  

The tympanic membrane (T.M) perforations, which last more than three months, usually are associated with irreversible changes in the middle ear mucosa, and underlying bone. In this condition symptoms are chronic discharge of the ear and hearing loss. The best way for prevention of the above complications is T.M repair with or without middle ear reconstruction if needed. The usual way for achieving these goals is, myringoplasty or tympanoplasty, In some instances with medical treatment spontaneous repair of the T.M is possible. Myringoplasty is done in either outpatient department (o.p.d) or hospital. The primary goal is cessation of purulent discharges from the ear and hearing reconstruction is the second point. In the current study, rate of the recovery and follow up of the o.p.d patients is discussed in comparison with the non-operated ear. The goal of the current study is comparison of the spontaneous repair with STANDBY myringoplasty. Sixty-eight patients were studied which had bilateral, T.M perforation with approximately same condition in both ears. Medical treatment with stand by myringoplasty was performed, and in the other ear only medical treatment was done. The rate of repair in the operated ear was 86 percent comparing with 0.076 percent in the non-operated ear. From the statistical point of view P-value was less than 0.0001 that showed meaningful difference between these two methods.      

Aims One of the most important programs of the policymakers, legislators, and administrators is to protect the general health of the citizens and especially, of the veterans. The occupational therapy includes the daily activities such as sleeping and rest, education, occupation, recreation, ad social participation. The aim of the qualitative study was to investigate the effects of unemployment mood on the veterans’ general health.Participants and Methods In the qualitative study, 25 male veterans, who were eligible for the employment law, were studied in Tehran City, Iran, in 2009. Interviews were done via data saturation method. Data was collected by open, semi-open, and semi-structured interviews.Verbal informed consents were taken, and the subjects were informed of anonymity and confidentiality of information, with their right to withdraw at any stage of the interviews.Findings Totally, 45 sub-themes were extracted from the interviews. The sub-themes were categorized under 5 themes, including family problems, social problems, physical problems, mental problems, and financial problems, their most important sub-themes were dissatisfaction with the families and reduced family management role, reduced relationship with others, feeling of premature aging, sadness and feeling to be not useful, and lower financial helps than the occupation period, respectively.Conclusion The veterans and their children suffer a feeling of to be burden in society more than the financial problems and unemployment. Nowadays, it is necessary to formulate employment laws aiming at the effects of activities and job on the citizens’ health. In addition, the administrators should attempt to pass supporting laws aiming at proper occupations for the veterans to enhance public health.

This paper deals with machine repair problem with balking and reneging. There is provision of mixed STANDBY (warm and cold) components to replace the failed machines. The lifetime and repair times are assumed to have exponential distribution. Birth-death technique is suggested to obtain the queue size distribution in explicit form. A repair facility of C permanent repairmen is facilitated to repair the failed machines in FCFS basis. Some special cases are deduced which tally with earlier results. To find out the optimal number of spares and repairmen, a cost function is also mentioned.