Throughout Shia’, s history, the rites of Ashura have been profoundly intermingled with the followers’,collective conscience. Arbaeen pilgrimage, for example, which has undergone remarkable developments in recent years, has become a special and multifaceted socio-cultural phenomenon that deserves reflection from various research angles and perspectives including its meaning and internal mechanisms. This article, therefore, aims to focus on the collective PARTICIPATION in Arbaeen march while dividing its scope into three layers: open, semi-hidden, and hidden to describe the unique and distinctive features of it, especially the SUBJECTIVE or mental world of participants. To achieve this goal, 17 interviews were conducted with Iranian servants and caretakers who have the highest level and scope of engagement with the phenomenon. The content of the interviews was analyzed by using a combination of thematic analysis and ideal typing techniques. Finally, after three coding steps, 13 sub-themes were extracted to explain the participants’,mental world, summarized and described under four main themes of states, images, schemas, and interpretations.

Since PARTICIPATION has a key role in the success of all soil and water conservation programs. Monitoring field descriptive approach was used to study 2695 people of eleven villages in Avard watershed located in Behshahr area. Cochran’s formula was used to determine the sample size (n=219) for each village using stratified random sampling method. Questionnaire was used to obtain the data and its reliability was tested by some experts. Also the validity of questioner was calculated using Cronbach Alpha from 20 primary samples, which was 0.83. In order to calculate the obtained data set, it is used central indices to classify the data and Chi-square test is employed to compare the experts and utilisers’ opinions. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is used to determine the correlation between independence and dependence variables. Results have shown that relationship between number of sponsorship people, education level, and social altitude level with PARTICIPATION index in soil and water protection’s practices are not meaningful. The results showed that there is significantly difference between age, view rate to PARTICIPATION, flash-forward, reliance rate to different people, PARTICIPATION to social charters, and tendency to carrying out the plural activities with partaking adjustment in conservation practice of watershed management, especially, terrace and sediment dams. Hence, in order to protect the soil in revisory plans of watersheds, using of participative potentials of people, who live in each catchment, can guarantee the efficiency of plans as well and can also decrease the soil erosions.

Background: The lack of physical activity because of restrictions from the pandemic has increased interest in the deterioration of mental and physical health. This is the first study in Korea to investigate how PARTICIPATION in physical activity is correlated with SUBJECTIVE well-being among Koreans in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The survey was conducted among those aged >13 years, from August 24 to September 7, 2020. The process included self-reported surveys, telephone surveys, and face-to-face household interviews,11, 604 people (men=7, 758 and women=3, 846) participated. Frequency, correlation, and one-way analysis of variance were performed to identify differences between age and sex groups according to the physical activity level, while post-hoc Scheffe tests to examine between-group differences when significant results were observed. Results: Statistically significant correlations were observed between life satisfaction, living environment satis-faction, and levels of happiness and anxiety based on sex and age (P<0. 05). There were significant differences between frequency and time spent on physical activity and SUBJECTIVE well-being according to sex and age (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The study results are highly generalizable considering the analysis of a large-scale sample within a big area in Korea. The findings emphasize that SUBJECTIVE well-being is influenced by sex, age, frequency, and time spent engaged in physical activity. Such basic data can be helpful for establishing policies related to physi-cal activity.

Study of political attitudes of college students and its effective factors can prepare an appropriate sight toward problems of college students. The research has studied impacts of gender and value priorities of students on their SUBJECTIVE readiness for political PARTICIPATION (SRPP). The statistical population of research includes all Payame Noor University Students in Hamedan Province, from which 540 cases were selected as a sample via multistage cluster sampling method and so were investigated. The research method was survey and data was collected by questionnaire. Likert Scale was used for measuring SRPP and Ingle hart's Twelve-Values Measure was applied for estimating value priorities. Findings imply materialism values domination and necessary readiness for political PARTICIPATION between college students. Horeover gender has neither effect on value priorities nor on their SRPP. Finally the following equation can be used for predicting SRPP of Payame Noor University Students: SRPP=45.56+3.16 (value priorities).

The two terms "objective" and "SUBJECTIVE" nowadays mean, respectively, "external" and "mental". But these terms in their primary usage in Middle Ages (from Dunes Scotos) have had exactly the opposite of today"s meaning: "objective" has meant "mental;""" and "SUBJECTIVE" has meant "external". These old (and nowadays completely strange) meanings have been current in philosophical literature, especially in Descartes and his contemporaries, e. g. Spinoza and Berkley. This paper tends to argument that the word "objective" must be taken as meaning "mental" in Descartes" philosophy (and other philosophers" up to 19th century), and not to confused with its modern meaning (i. e. "external").

This essay attempts to answer two basic questions: what is the status of citizens’ PARTICIPATION of urban affairs? and what are the social factors that affect PARTICIPATION of citizens in the management of urban affairs? To answer the first question, the PARTICIPATION of urban residents was studied from a SUBJECTIVE point of view. In this part, change of attitudes, beliefs and perspectives of people has been considered. To answering the second question, the actual behavior of PARTICIPATION in cultural and social areas was studied. This study is a survey research. The required data were collected through questionnaires. The research sample consisted of 1330 citizens of Tehran that were randomly selected. The results of this study showed that PARTICIPATION of citizens in management of urban affairs should be voluntary and goal oriented. Urban planners at first should emphasize on SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPATION and change the beliefs and attitudes of citizens. participatory behavior in urban planning should consist of two phases: the first phase should identify factors that influence citizens PARTICIPATION. During the second phase, an attempt should be made to encourage and maintain PARTICIPATION in projects that have been carried out. The encouragement of the PARTICIPATION of women, youth, the retired, and to determine the mechanisms of their PARTICIPATION in urban social – cultural activities, can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of urban management.

The present research is an attempt to study the relationship between SUBJECTIVE social exclusion and political PARTICIPATION among the third generation youth of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Hence, three rival theoretical approaches were picked up, i. e. mobilization (social exclusion with positive correlation with political PARTICIPATION = increasing impact); withdrawal (social exclusion with negative correlation with political PARTICIPATION = decreasing impact) and the lack of impact. In a combination of these three theoretical approaches, a theoretical model was developed. This model was tested by relying on the data collected from a sample constituted of 400 students of Razi University. The sample was selected by employing multiple stratified. method The findings show that the students with higher SUBJECTIVE social exclusion had higher political PARTICIPATION. Nevertheless, the revers of this relationship was not significant, i. e. the reduction of social exclusion would not reduce the political PARTICIPATION. Overall, the findings of the research provided some empirical evidence to sustain the hypothesis of the theoretical model of mobilization based on positive relations between social exclusion and political PARTICIPATION, while it had refutational connotation for the theoretical model of withdrawal. The regression results indicate that SUBJECTIVE social exclusion overall counts for twenty percent of the variations in political. PARTICIPATION of the population.