Effect of bupropion, an antidepressant drug, on Sniffing behavior has been examined in male rats. Animals treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with different doses of bupropion (5-40 mg/kg), showed Sniffing behavior in a dose-related manner. Pretreatment of animals with the dopamine antagonists, SCH 23390 (0.025-0.1 mg/kg, Lp.) or sulpiride (12.5-50 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the bupropion induced Sniffing. Reserpine pretreatment (2.5 mg/kg, i.p,18h) alone and in combination with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT; 250 mg/kg, i.p.) also reduced the bupropion induced Sniffing. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), the padrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (5 and 10 mg/kg, Lp.) did not affect the bupropion induced response. The antimuscarinic, atropine (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), increased the response significantly. It is concluded that bupropion induces Sniffing through indirect dopaminergic mechanism.

Background: Therapeutic effects of lithium in manic-depressive disorders have been clarified. During the present study, the effects of lithium carbonate have been assessed on apomorphine-induced Sniffing in rats.Materials and methods: Male albino rats were housed in a glass cylinder and food and water were freely available till 60 minutes before the experiment. Immediately after apomorphine injection the Sniffing behaviour was observed directly for 60 minutes. Sniffing was scored every 15 seconds.According to the following scale: 0=absent, 1=Sniffing.Results: Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of different doses of apomorphine (0.25,0.5 and 1mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent Sniffing response. Chronic lithium carbonate exposure (0.1% in drinking water for 30-35 days) but not acute administration of the drug (320 mg/kg, IP) decreased the response of apomorphine. Administartion of D1 dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390 (0.01mg/kg, IP) or the D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, sulpiride (25mg/kg, IP) did not accompany alteration in apomorphine response in rats treated with acute lithium carbonate. In animals treated chronically with lithium carbonate the blockade of apomorphine response by sulpiride but not SCH23390 was potentiated.Conclusion: It is concluded that chronic treatment of animals with lithium carbonate is able to alter D2 dopamine receptors response

Background: Post-operative nausea and vomiting can prolong recovery and its treatment has traditionally been dependent on parenteral medication which is expensive and may cause various side effects. In recent studies, Sniffing of isopropyl alcohol (ISO) appears to relieve post-operative nausea and vomiting. We performed this pilot study to examine the efficacy of ISO Sniffing in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Materials and Methods: Eighty-two consecutive patients (48 females, 34 males) who complained of nausea and vomiting after elective surgery were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. 0.5 ml of either normal saline (control group) or ISO (study group), was applied to a instructed to sniff twice. The symptoms were reassessed immediately and 5 minutes later. All the patients who did not respond to the initial treatment after 5 minutes received a second treatment. The patients who did not respond the second time, received an injection of metoclopromide. Results: Thirty-two (78%) patients responded the first time and 9 (22%) did not respond to ISO (P<0.0001). However, in the control group only 3 (7.3%) patients responded and 38 (92.7%) patients failed to respond to normal saline and metoclopramide was administered. Out of 32 patients who responded to isopropyl alcohol, nausea and vomiting redeveloped in 14 (43.8%) and ISO was readministered after 5 minutes. Five patients again developed the symptoms and were treated by metoclopramide. Conclusion: Isopropyl alcohol may serve as a simple, innocuous, and inexpensive treatment for post-operative nausea and vomiting.

Drinking alcohol is of offences which the holy Islamic law giver has laid down eighty slashes as legitimate hadd. This punishment was mentioned in article 165 of Islamic Penal Code of Iran (1370) and totally it stated drinking and eating alcohol. After codifying the Islamic Penal Code of Iran in 1392, the legislature decided in art. 165 to depart from the title" liquor Hadd-punishment" to the title" liquor consumption". Therefore, the liquor consumption in any way such as drinking, injection and smoking causes the legitimate punishment. The common aspect of these two titles is what reason making the criminalization of liquor which creates the legitimate hadd which has been discussed in fiqhi books (Islamic jurisprudence books). The following paper has examined the different ways for the consumption of intoxicating and alcoholic drinks. For this reason, different attitudes are expressed for the way of the consumption of alcohol or liquor and the attitude of the legislature for proving the legitimate had in any way is criticized and evaluted.

Objective(s): While the nucleus accumbens and the striatum have received much attention regarding their roles in stereotyped behaviors, the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has not been investigated to the same degree. Few studies have reported the role of the mPFC in dopaminergic induction of locomotor hyperactivity. The mPFC is a heterogeneous area (the anterior cingulated, prelimbic, and the infralimbic) with particular inputs and outputs to subcortical regions that may have different effects on stereotyped behaviors. In this work, apomorphine, a non-specific dopamine agonist, was microinjected into the three different subregions of the mPFC for induction of stereotyped behaviors to show the role of the three subareas of the mPFC on behaviors and its heterogeneity.Materials and Methods: Cannulas implanted in the infralimbic, the prelimbic or the anterior cingulated areas of the mPFC. Apomorphine microinjected at five doses and then behaviors recorded.Results: There were significant differences among three areas. The rats receiving apomorphine in the anterior cingulated showed less Sniffing and climbing but more chewing behaviors. Yawning observed more significantly in the rats given apomorphine in the prelimbic area. The rats getting apomorphine in the infralimbic of the mPFC showed more climbing behavior.Conclusion It was indicated that manipulation of the dopaminergic system in mPFC alters behaviors and with regard to this, there may be heterogeneity among its three subregions.