Purpose: Resilience in start-ups is a challenging issue that has caught the attention of policymakers and business owners. The present study is an attempt to provide a model for designing the resilience model of start-up businesses as a path to the future of start-up businesses. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose and from the perspective of data collection is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis method. The data collection method is semi-structured interview. Interviews with participants continued until they reached the theoretical saturation point, which was achieved by conducting 15 interviews. Participants were selected by snowball and purposeful method and data analysis was done through three coding steps (open, axial, selective) with MAXQDA2020 software. Findings: Based on the research results, the components of "cognitive resilience, financial resilience, adaptive resilience" as well as the effective organizational factors of "precedent, drivers and boys and resilience consequences" were identified. In this research, foresight and futures studies were identified as the drivers of resilience of start-up businesses. Conclusion: Resilience enables businesses to respond effectively to the dynamic conditions of their environment and maximize their competencies through strategic foresight and as a result gain more value than their competitors in the field of business. In this regard, the integration of foresight in the process of business resilience can be suggested as a facilitator of drivers.

Nowadays with the emergence of a knowledge-based economy, innovative businesses are very important for countries due to their job and wealth creation and their competitiveness in the global economy. These businesses are always facing key challenges due to their different nature form common businesses of which one of the most important challenges is about their financing and raising capital. This study seeks to provide an interactive model for the life cycle ofinnovative start-ups and financing policies. For this purpose, according to the existing literature gap and theoretical contradictions, the present study was conducted using Grounded theory method. Data were generated based on 11 expert opinions as well as previous studies and were analyzed in open, axial, and selective coding steps. The findings showed that innovative start-ups have four key stages in financing, including seeds, start-ups, growth and development and Financing strategies included internal and external strategies generally, and most known internal strategy was bootstrapping and the most important external strategies were Euity Financing, debt-based financing, hybrid financing, grants, financial and tax incentives, and cryptocurrencies. . Causal variables finance start-up businesses include individual factors such as the founder's traits, and organizational factors such as information transparency, team members, ideas, Key Contextual Variables for financing start-up businesses include policy and legislation, technology platform, organizational platform, competitive platform, socio-cultural platform and educational platform, and for intervening factors university, industry, sanctions, talent migration, and competitors Were identified. Consequences fall into several categories: micro-consequences at the business level and macroeconomic Consequences such as social, and environmental consequences.

Present research was carried out using a mixed-method approach in two phases. The first phase was done through a classic Delphi method in three rounds. The data and information were gathered through a semistructured interview (first round ) and open– ended questionnaire (final round ) with a sample of stakeholders of agri-startup in Golestan province. As a result of the first phase, nine dimensions, 16 components, and 87 indicators were identified. In the second phase, a "foresight" approach was applied to analyze a 16×16 structural self-interaction matrix of the identified components for the agri-startup ecosystem in the Golestan province using MICMAC software. As a result, seven components identified as determinant factors influencing on the agri-startup ecosystem in the Golestan province, including regional development; startup social network (startup community ); social performance; entrepreneurial capabilities of entrepreneurs; extension programs and cultural events; entrepreneurial education system and territorial attractiveness or spatial advantages (geography of agro-entrepreneurship ). Finally, based on the scenarios development approach, the 29 possible and probable future situations of the agri-startup ecosystem were articulated. Using Scenario Wizard Software, a desirable Scenario (spring break ), a midway Scenario based on the status quo (autumn fall), and a critical scenario (winter sleep ) extracted and introduced.

The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions and explain the technology valuation strategies of Iranian Startups. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and based on the method of data collection, with a qualitative research approach. The statistical population of the research included experts, policymakers, consultants and CEOs active in Iran's startup ecosystem, 10 people were selected using the purposeful sampling and available method, and it was also analyzed using the interview content analysis method. Based on the findings of the study, 7 subcategories were identified in the main category of strategies. These sub-categories include the development and promotion of the technology valuation discourse, the transformation of existing knowledge in the field of technology into desirable and valuable knowledge, leadership and idea management, comprehensive technology evaluation system, culture building, regulation and regulation in the technology market, and the localization of technology valuation. Therefore, these strategies, while paying attention to Iran's environmental and cultural issues, can help the development and progress of Iranian Startups in the technology valuation process and play an important role in the country's economic development.Extended AbstractIntroductionStartups are created as small, new, and independent businesses by individuals for self-employment (Birley & Westhead, 1994). Granlund et al., (2005) provide a definition of a start-up considering fast growth or fast growing companies operating in ICT businesses and the biotechnology (life sciences) industry (Granlund & Taipaleenmäki, 2005). In general, new businesses that have started from scratch are referred to as Startups (Audretsch, Belitski, & Caiazza, 2021). However, the valuation of Startups is a vital issue that must be addressed in order to attract capital and provide the necessary financial resources for their growth and development. The importance of correct startup valuation is directly related to the importance of this type of company in today's economy (Akkaya, 2020). Also, in recent years, the economic value of Startups has been increasing (Stangler, 2019). In addition, Startups are the main actors promoting technological innovation (Montani, Gervasio, & Pulcini, 2020).Valuing technology in Startups is one of the main challenges in the development and sustainability of these companies. The correct valuation of technology as one of the most fundamental components of decisions related to investment, development strategies, and attracting financial resources can help Startups to be more productive of their resources and experience more sustainable growth.Therefore, considering the expansion and importance of Startups in the economy, it is important to understand the correct methods to measure their value (Sander & Kõomägi, 2007). Over time, it became clear that traditional valuation methods (cost approach, income approach, and market approach) are not enough to assess the value of a startup and other things should be considered. In addition, start-up companies typically have almost no track record, meaning that venture capital must "rely on a subjective evaluation method, based on the business plan provided by the investment management." Therefore, it is natural to assume that management is interested in providing a high equity value in order to prepare well for its exit (Hoffmann, 2023).Considering the importance of technology valuation of Iranian startup companies and also the mentioned cases, the present study introduces and examines technology valuation strategies in Iranian Startups. So the main issue here is how to choose and implement appropriate strategies for technology valuation in these companies. In this regard, the main question of the study is raised as follows: what are the effective strategies in valuing technology in Iranian Startups?LiteratureValuing technologies and innovations is difficult due to high uncertainty in commercialization (Kim, Ahn, Kwon, & Lee, 2019). Valuing technology is an illogical goal, and this means reversing the relationship between the means and the goal. This inverted valuation is harmful to the cultivation of mental culture (Gunderson, 2017). Access to information improves efficiency in valuation. The role of the Internet and Internet searches is important in disambiguating or moderating valuation bias (Chang & Kwon, 2018). Technology evaluation based on price adjustment by the transferor is a model for technology valuation that has three stages: first, the technology price is set in negotiations, and in the second stage, the price range is gradually limited, and in the last stage, the time interval for bargaining is determined to ensure a scientific and reasonable price (Ma, 2015). Business team, opportunity size, marketing, sales channels, partners, competitive environment, product strength, intellectual characteristics, idea implementation time, investment periods, and rules and regulations have the most impact on the value of oil Startups in Iran (Ghanbari, Hoseini, & Moradi Esfanjani, 2019). To calculate the value of technology, the three components of the costs incurred for it in different stages (laboratory, prototyping, semi-industrial, etc.), analysis of the future revenues of the technology and the impact of its special features can be used (Fakour, 2017). At the strategic level of ecosystem innovation, performance is considered in the form of environment and infrastructure preparation (Javidaneh, Jafari, & Vazidedoost, 2021).The possible distribution of the project value and the percentage of the obtained profit are the most important for making decisions in investing in venture projects (Hernandez-Garcia, Guemes-Castorena, & Jaramillo, 2017).Research methodologyThe current research is applicable in nature, and has been implemented in the framework of qualitative method. The statistical population of the research is made up of 10 policy makers, and managers of Startups, knowledge centers, accelerators and activists in the country's start-up businesses. The method of data collection was done by conducting face-to-face, in-depth interviews with open questions between 30 and 60 minutes. To ensure the validity of the research, the central coding stage was reviewed by the participants and their views were applied in the central coding stage. Also 3 management professors reviewed the findings and commented on the central coding stage. At the end, the participants helped the analysis and interpretation of the data at the same time. FindingsAccording to the conducted interviews and analyzes done to extract the components and dimensions of the model, the main and subcategories or indices were identified. Based on this, 7 subcategories have been identified for the main category of strategies. Based on this, the results of the present study showed that in order to design and implement the most successful technology valuation model in Iranian Startups, adopting strategies such as 1. Developing and promoting the technology valuation discourse, 2. Converting existing knowledge in the field of technology into desirable and valuable knowledge, 3. Idea leadership and management, 4. Comprehensive technology evaluation system, 5. Cultivation, 6. regulation in the technology market, and 7. Localization of technology valuation can be the way forward.ConclusionThe functioning of the results of the present study is influenced by the economic-infrastructural, cultural-social, and legal-political background conditions of Iran. These strategies, while paying attention to Iran's environmental and cultural issues, can help the development and progress of Iranian Startups in the technology valuation process and play an important role in the country's economic development.Also, interfering factors such as conflicts of interest and technology brokers can also influence the aforementioned strategies and technology valuation in Iranian Startups. If the strategies mentioned in the findings of the study are implemented correctly, it can be hoped that in the future, start-up businesses and the entire innovation ecosystem in the country will benefit from the profits of calculating the real value of startup technology and the profits of the technology valuation process itself, regardless of the outcome of this process.In this regard, Fakour (2017) presented a framework for valuing technologies in the early stages of development, which included three components: costs incurred for technology in different stages (laboratory, prototyping, and semi-industrial), analysis of future revenues, and the impact of specific technology features. In this study, the role of factors such as the type of business, technology brokers, the bubble of Startups claiming technology and innovation, the necessary requirements for valuation, culture making in this field, etc., are not mentioned. khatami firoozabadi et al. (2017) also presented a model for valuing electronic services (information technology) in large non-profit organizations. In this study, the researchers presented strategies for electronic services in their own model. Based on the results of the study, the researchers state that the opinion of customers is one of the factors that determine the value of electronic services. Also, the costs of providing systems hardware is one of the variables that determine the value of electronic services in the public sector, but in non-profit institutions due to the lack of legal requirements, extract of system hardware costs from financial books is not easy, and due to the multiple use of hardware to provide different electronic services, it is not easy to measure the cost share of each software or system. Menville & Kraemer (2004) developed a resource-based model for IT business valuation that includes IT resources and complementary resources that affect business processes, which in turn affect organizational performance. Also, Chow et al. (2007) argue that the value of information technology is the value provided as a result of the use of information technology. Researchers propose a three-dimensional classification that includes four main levels of user satisfaction, individual impact, organizational impact and social impact (Chau, Kuan, & Liang, 2007). Kohli and Grover (2008) also developed a framework for defining intermediate value (e.g., business process improvement), output value (e.g., better customer service), and competitive value (e.g., first to market) of business information technology (Kohli & Grover, 2008).According to the results of the present study and the positive effect of the strategies proposed in the design and implementation of the technology valuation model on Iranian Startups, it is suggested that organizations and Startups in Iran take advantage of these strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that the officials and policy makers in the field of entrepreneurship and productivity take the necessary measures regarding the importance of valuing technology in the media and social networks. In this regard, it is important to hold conferences and seminars with the participation of elites and experts in the field of technology to create a valuation discourse. Also, encouraging cooperation between universities and industry in order to exchange knowledge and commercialize university technologies, create mechanisms and standard criteria to evaluate and measure the value of technology in Startups and industry, amend laws and regulations related to technology in order to facilitate the process of valuing and commercializing technology, and adapting strategies and Valuation models with Iran's local and cultural conditions can be helpful in this field.

Startups Business are challenged by competitors for their creative and innovative element. Therefore, legal protection for their innovative ideas is critical to the growth and development of new businesses that have emerged mainly in the field of cyberspace. This effort seeks to explore the capacities of the legal system for such support and the history of support in different countries. The legal challenge in this paper is that business practices in most legal systems are considered as supportive exceptions and are not supported. Therefore, the present article analyzes the descriptive way to protect these business methods. The importance of this is vital for Iran, where the growth of Startups is considered a national priority. The paper finally concludes that the registration of business methods in the form of a patent system is possible, but to the extent that it does not adversely affect the growth of technology and economy.

The rapid pace of innovation in biotechnology necessitates effective patent protection to ensure competitive advantage and investment attraction for Startups. However, the impact of patent law on the strategic operations and innovation within biotech Startups is complex and multifaceted. This study aims to explore the attitudes of biotech startup leaders towards patent law, identifying the perceived strategic values, challenges, and the overall impact on innovation within their companies. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 25 leaders (founders, CEOs, and senior managers) from biotech Startups across various global regions. The data was collected until theoretical saturation was reached and analyzed using NVivo software to facilitate thematic analysis. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of the nuanced perspectives on patent law in the biotech sector. Three main themes were identified: Strategic Value of Patents, Challenges with Patent Law, and Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Patent Law. Under these themes, key categories such as Competitive Advantage, Innovation Incentives, and Regulatory Navigation highlighted patents' strategic benefits. Conversely, significant challenges included Cost Implications, Complexity of Processes, and Intellectual Property Risks. Diverse perceptions were also noted, ranging from viewing patents as crucial to innovation to concerns over their potential to stifle technological progress and ethical considerations. The study concludes that while patents are critical for protecting innovations and securing economic benefits for biotech Startups, they also present substantial challenges that can impede these companies' operational and technological agility. Balancing these benefits and drawbacks is essential for fostering an environment that supports sustainable innovation and ethical practices within the biotechnology industry.

Development of downstream operations in the Iran's petroleum industry has always been considered as a necessity in to create more value-added. One of ways to accomplish the misson, especially in the current situation, is exploiting the capacity of petroleum Startups. Considering that these companies need to be valued for financing, and since the traditional valuation methods do not provide efficiency, identification of valuation drivers for these Startups as the main objective of research is an important step towards creating common literature between investors and venture capital company in order to use qualitative methods of valuation and facilitate financing process. The present study seeks to examine the influential factors affecting the valuation of petroleum Startups in Iran. To this end, after reviewing theoretical foundations and interviewing with some experts and venture capitalists, environmental (contingent) effective factors were identified. Then a questionnaire was developed and distributed over statistical sample. The empirical findings revealed that the business team, size of the opportunity, marketing, sales & partner's channels, competitive environment, product power and the intellectual properties, time for idea implementation, investment rounds, as well as laws and regulations, have the most explanatory power in the valuation of Iranian petroleum Startups, respectively. We provided some suggestions and policy implications in this regard.

Nowadays, in the age of digital transformation, the use of financial technologies (fintechs) has become an integral part of the banking industry and partnership with Fintech start-ups is not either a choice it is a necessary. In this study, we want to analysis the development process of Fintech Startups in Iran, which are in the early stages of their life cycle. So the main question is; what are the challenges and obstacles facing Fintech start-ups in Iran? This research is applied by its purpose and qualitative by its data gathering method. To achieve this goal, systematic grounded theory approach applied. Data collected using semi-structured interviews with 13 bank experts in Fintech, Entrepreneurs, and Co-founders of Fintech start-ups, by using purposeful sampling method. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software. The results showed that the most important barriers to the development of Fintech Startups in Iran are regulatory challenges, lack of a clear bank strategy for partnership, and macroeconomic conditions of the country, especially sanctions. Therefore, providing strategies such as formulating new standards and rules especially for open banking and complete the digital transformation roadmap of the banking industry with the help of key stakeholders can lead to the development of fintech Startups.

The recent economic developments have led to fundamental changes in the business landscape, especially in terms of the level of competition for emerging enterprises, pushing them towards instability and failure. In response to this unstable environment, entrepreneurial businesses have evolved based on knowledge-centric ideas, seeking to address market gaps through the discovery of a replicable and scalable business model. Due to the knowledge-centric nature of these businesses, they consciously or unconsciously implement aspects of knowledge management processes, necessitating the identification and organization of their knowledge capital as a crucial first step. In this context, this study aims to explore a model for knowledge differentiation in Iranian entrepreneurial companies. The study adopts a developmental objective, an exploratory approach, interpretivism philosophy, and utilizes qualitative content analysis as its analytical strategy. The study population consists of experts in the field of knowledge management and active individuals in Iranian entrepreneurial companies. These individuals, familiar with the working conditions of these companies, expressed their opinions on the research topic through semi-structured interviews. The interview process began and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Participants were purposefully selected using the targeted sampling method, and after conducting 10 interviews, data saturation was reached. Following the interviews, the results were implemented, and descriptive content analysis using the maxqda software was employed. After content analysis, 41 different dimensions were extracted. Upon theoretical examination, appropriate names for the extracted dimensions were selected. The researcher, relying on prior knowledge and modeling processes from similar models, categorized the dimensions into 9 main processes of knowledge differentiation. By creating a logical sequence, the researcher innovatively devised a knowledge differentiation process model for Iranian entrepreneurial companies.