Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of bovine bone Substitute (Compact Bone B. ® ) alone versus bovine bone Substitute and simvastatin for human maxillary sinus augmentation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 16 sinuses in eight patients. Radiographic assessments were done preoperatively (T0), immediately (T1) and at nine months after sinus grafting (T2). Alveolar bone height and density were assessed on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans using Planmeca Romexis™ Imaging Software 2. 2. Results: The change in alveolar bone height and density between T0, T1 and T2 was significant in both groups. Alveolar bone height (h0, h1, h2) and vertical height of the grafted bone (g1, g2) in three lines (anterior, middle and posterior) were not significantly different between groups. The grafted bone height shrinkage (%) in the anterior, middle and posterior limits of the augmented area were not significantly different between groups. The existing alveolar and grafted bone density increased significantly in both groups between T1 and T2, except for the existing alveolar bone density in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the alveolar bone density values obtained in TI and T2 between groups, except for the existing alveolar bone density at T1. Conclusions: This study did not show any significant positive effect for simvastatin in maxillary sinus augmentation based on radiographic examination.

Scoliosis, kyphosis, and bone fracture are health problems, especially of the elderly throughout the world. The vertebra protects the spinal cord. Any impairment to the vertebra can lead to pain and nervousness. Ni-Ti alloy (Nitinol) helps to resolve the problem by fulfilling such requirements as for strength, durability, resistance to wear, and shockwave damping which is due to the shape memory effect. Nitinol medical applications have so far been restricted to surgical devices and orthopaedics. Little has been said about Nitinol use for medication of the spinal vertebra disorder. This article appraises the potential features of Nitinol for vertebral implantation and therapeutic prescription consistent with the specific anatomical variation. Staples, screws, cages, stents, and posterior-stabilizers made of Nitinol have passed in-vitro tests and in some cases in-vivo examinations. Using anatomically tailored Nitinol for treatment and administration of the damaged vertebra is proposed as a forecastable dream.

Temperature measurement and control for large steam turbines were considered. A Turbomax system was observed. Due to being depended to the simulated measurement equipment and complexity of the design, theoretical methods were suggested. Theoretical methods discussed in this research work are based on modeling the temperature drop in a turbine shaft by using calculation methods. These methods were conducted and the results were compared with the values obtained from a power plant steam turbines, equipped with turbomax. The agreement between the results (theoretical and turbomax) was very good. It was concluded that theoretical methods which are suggested here could be used as a valuable procedure to Substitute turbomax system.

Due to technology development in recent decades, home schooling has been expanding as a Substitute for grade schools in many countries. Families are encouraged to use home schooling for several reasons such as special cultural and religious values, not finding school programs matched with their children's needs, and uncertainties in quality of education in some schools.The most advantageous characteristic of home-schooling is the educational programming based on individual needs, interests, and abilities. In addition, the time period needed for graduation will depend on students' abilities, and the fact that pupils do not have to follow the pace of their peers in this regard. As such, students would enjoy such a education system without facing unwanted worries and anxiety.Although home schooling has some limitations, such as limited student social relationships and experiences, it, is useful in situations when family values or educational goals and objectives are greatly different from society. Children with chronic illnesses and severe disabilities also may take advantage of that. Homeschooling along with utilizing educational technologies such as participating in virtual classes and using assistive technology has proven to be an effective approach.

Perhaps, it is self-evident to say that there is no Substitute for the mosque, so there is no need to confirm that, for it is legislated (enacted) by Islam, and it called and invited to it. This is theoretically right, well –known according to the views of most Muslims.

Introduction: Due to the high radiation dose used in radiotherapy, the human tissue is usually replaced with tissue Substitutes in order to develop new treatment techniques. Tissue Substitutes have not been reported for colorectal cancer tissue (CRC). This study aims at developing tissue Substitutes for the CRC tissue with respect to the mass attenuation (µ, m) and mass energy absorption coefficients (µ, en/ρ, ) within the energy range of 6 –,15MV. Material and Methods: Colorectal cancer tissue and four locally sourced materials namely beeswax, gelatine, rice powder, clay, and their mixtures –,Clarice, gelarice, gelaclay, and bewaclay were subjected to Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) to determine their elemental composition. Results from the RBS were used in XCOM, a web-based photon interaction software designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA to determine their theoretical µ, m and µ, en/ρ,values. Again, these materials were exposed to a narrow beam of x-rays at energies of 6 and 15MV to obtain their experimental µ, m and µ, en/ρ,values. Results: Revealed that the ratio of CRC tissue to the test materials ranged from 0. 946 (beeswax) to 1. 07 (clay) for both theoretical and experimental values with bewaclay having a ratio of 1. 01 compared with 1. 00 for CRC and a p = 0. 541 and p = 0. 663 with respect to µ, m and µ, en/ρ,respectively. Conclusion: Bewaclay with the closest match can be used as a tissue Substitute for the CRC tissue between 6 –,9MV with respect to µ, m and µ, en/ρ,as parameters for matching.

Bone Substitute materials in the current use sustain several drawbacks such as donor site morbidity, induce immunity, availability, and economic production. New synthetic bone Substitutes are needed that overcome these drawbacks. This study aimed to produce a porous geopolymer and evaluate its usefulness as a bone Substitute. Metakaolin-based geopolymer with different porosity percentages and sizes was produced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide and olive oil in different ratios to the geopolymer paste. Image J analysis had used to calculate the porosity percentage and size. Geopolymers with the highest porosity percentage and size range were selected for in vivo testing on animals. In the in vivo study, porous geopolymer was implanted in femur bones of 12 rabbits. The right femur of each rabbit served as the positive control (using the commercial bone replacement TEEBON®), and the negative control group received no treatment. The left femur was used to implant the geopolymer. Two and four weeks after implantation, biopsies were performed for histological analysis. After two and four weeks, a histological examination of the implanted material revealed the development of bone trabeculae with minimal inflammation. As compared with commercial bone Substitutes, geopolymers improved bone formation. Owing to the results, porous geopolymers could be the promising materials for bone Substitutes, as they are available and cost effective.