Objective: Anatomical studies of tarsal ligaments of Iranian one humped camel. Design: Anatomical studies of tarsal joint of camel by dissection and cutting different sections. Animals: Fifteen hind limbes of healty one humped camel. Procedure: Ten fresh and 5 frozen tarsal joints of camel were studied. All ligaments were dissected and named by N.A.V. Frozen specimens were cut sagittaly and dorsally and internal ligaments studied properly. Results: Twenty six ligaments in tarsal joints of one-humped camel were studied there were six groups which classified and named by N.A.V. Clinical implications: From these results, 26 ligaments were studied and named. Recognizing ligaments of tarsal joint of one humped camel can help veterinarian for further treatments of injuries in tarsal joint.

Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) plays an important role in the locomotion of the horses with flexion of the limbs. In the hind limb, it passes over the calcaneal bone and attaches to medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneous by two bands of connective tissue; while, the medial band is weaker than the lateral one. Occasionally, severe trauma, over-extension or fracture of the calcaneous may cause rupture of the supportive bands leading to tendon luxation. An 11-year-old Thoroughbred jumping gelding with symptoms of lameness in both legs, after examination by an internal specialist veterinarian in equine practice field was referred to the Teaching and Research Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Clinical examination showed lateral luxation of SDFT in the right and left tarsal joints. Radiography revealed no sign of calcaneal involvement, except soft tissue swelling. In the radiography of the tarsal joints, the calcaneus bones did not show significant changes, but among the bones of the central and 3rd tarsal bone (distal intertarsal joint) of the TARSUS, osteophyte formation was observed to a mild extent, indicating mild bone spavin in both tarsal joints. In ultrasonography, SDFT thickenings accompanied by hypoechoic regions in tendons were seen, confirming the signs of tendonitis. Moreover, fibrous tissue formation was diagnosed. In the left leg, anechoic fluid in the calcaneous bursa was seen. Evaluation of diagnostic imaging findings enables veterinarians to diagnose the site and extent of the lesions, choosing the appropriate therapeutic approach in addition to clinical symptoms.

BACKGROUND-Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) cases are often resistant to conventional treatments. We aimed to assess the effect of supratarsal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS-Sixteen patients (32 eyes) with severe VKC, and resistant to conventional method of treatments were selected and underwent injection of 0.5 mL triamcinolone acetonide in supratarsal area (in conjuctival side of upper lid) and were followed up for 54 months. The results were analyzed with SPSS program with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS-Relief of symptoms (burning, itching, lacrimation and photophobia, ropy discharge) was dramatically seen to all patients, in first few days. Size of giant papillae, thickening of limbus, vascularization of cornea (pannus) decreased in the first month. Recurrence of disease was seen in 2 (12.5%) patients after one month. No complication was noticed during the follow up. All patients tolerated the treatment well. CONCLUSION-Rapid and dramatic symptomatic and clinical response, and lack of complications suggest that supratarsal injection of triamcinolone acetonide could be a thrapeutic approach for refractory VKC.

BACKGROUND: As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the TARSUS forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. TARSUS injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of TARSUS Khuzestan river buffaloes. METHODS: Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. RESULTS: Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the talus. CONCLUSIONS: The normal appearance of bony structures of TARSUS described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders.

BACKGROUND: As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the TARSUS forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. TARSUS injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of TARSUS Khuzestan river buffaloes. METHODS: Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. RESULTS: Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the talus. CONCLUSIONS: The normal appearance of bony structures of TARSUS described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders. ___________________________________

Application of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint injuries. Arthroscopy has advantages over arthrotomy. Arthroscopic surgery is used for management of different injuries in shoulder (glenohumeral), coxofemoral (hip), elbow, carpal and tarsal joints in small animals. Arthroscopy provides the best access to intra-articular structures. Also, postoperative cares, recovery, pain and infection are less than arthrotomy. The goal of this article is to review the uses of arthroscopy in small animals.

In this study, the systematic position of Acanthalburnus microlepis from Kura and Aras basins is clarified and some notes on the taxonomy of the Acanthobrama species distributed in Turkey are given. Based on the morphological and osteological analyses, a high similarity between A. microlepis and Acanthobrama members is found. Some taxonomic information yielded from the examination of recent collections from Dicle (Tigris), Fı rat (Euphrates), Asi (Orontes), Ceyhan, Seyhan rivers and Berdan Stream near TARSUS is also included. Accordingly, Acanthobrama marmid is distributed only in Dicle-Fı rat system (presumably also in Sinnap Stream from Kuveik Drainage) and the populations from Asi, Seyhan and Berdan Stream (TARSUS) regarded as a separate subspecies as A. marmid orontis Berg, 1949 should be considered full species according to phylogenetic species concept and Ceyhan population represents a new species.