Collected semen with a good quality and quantity is essential for a bull for selected semen collection and preservation. This survey was carried out on a Friesian Holstein bull, kept in Northwestern breeding center of Iran. Although the bull had normal libido, the semen produced was reported to be azoospermic. Clinical examinations proved no testicular abnormality but the scrotal circumference was measured 27 centimetres which is less than the normal size of this breed (at least 30 centimetres). In histopathological studies, there was a decrease in semeniferous tubule's epithelium (sertoli and gonadal cells), Beside intratubules focal calcifications, fonnation of new connective tissue and vascularization was observed. All of these signs demonstrate an extensive degeneration in both testes.

Bilobed TESTICLE is a very rare congenital malformation with an unknown etiology. Herein, we report an 18-year-old boy presented with a right-bilobed TESTICLE mimicking a testicular tumor. The present case highlights the importance of considering bilobed TESTICLE as a valuable differential diagnosis of testicular mass to prevent unnecessary surgery. Furthermore, the case could provide more information about presentation and management of bilobed TESTICLE.

Background and Objectives Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which causes disorders in the reproductive system. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of saffron like crocin and safranal have several physiological effects on different biological systems. Given the role of crocin in the modulation of antioxidant defense system, this study aimed to determine the effect of crocin on pituitary-TESTICLE hormonal axis in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Subjects and Methods In this experimental study, 28 Wistar male rats were allocated into 4 equal groups: control, diabetic control, and two diabetic groups treated with crocin at two concentrations. Induction of diabetes in the diabetic control and the diabetic groups treated with crocin was done by an intraperitoneal injection of 240 mg/kg alloxan. Crocin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg [0.5 ml] was intraperitoneally injected into the two diabetic groups for 25 days. Saline solution [0.5 ml] was injected into the animals in the control and diabetic control groups for 25 days. At the end of the treatment period, serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone and DHT were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Compared with the diabetic control group, administration of crocin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly increased serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogen, and DHT testosterone in a dose-dependent manner [p<0.05]. Conclusion The results show that by increasing the activity of pituitary-TESTICLE hormonal axis, crocin improves hormonal disorders in diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Testicular cancer is almost the only common genitourinary tract cancer at a young age. One of the risk factors for testicular tumors is undescended TESTICLEs. If testicular fixation is corrected in the normal position, the probability of testicular cancer decreases in the undescended TESTICLE before puberty, but it does not disappear, and the patient should be examined for a long time. The purpose of this case report is to introduce a patient who, despite undergoing orchidopexy, has developed asynchronous bilateral testicular cancer, which shows the importance of long-term follow-up in people with a history of undescended TESTICLEs. CASE REPORT The patient was a 54-year-old man with a history of congenital bilateral undescended TESTICLEs, infertile, and orchidopexy surgery in childhood and a history of classic seminoma in the left TESTICLE four years ago. Again, in periodic follow-ups and examination of the right TESTICLE, a mass in the right TESTICLE was touched, which showed malignant changes in the ultrasound. Serum levels of testicular markers were normal. According to the sonographic findings, examinations and patient records, the patient underwent radical right testicular orchidectomy. Classic seminoma was reported in the results of right TESTICLE pathology, and in further examinations, no evidence of metastasis was seen. The patient is currently undergoing follow-up and postoperative chemotherapy. CONCLUSION According to the results of this case reported in patients with intangible TESTICLEs, especially bilateral, long-term follow-up is necessary for asynchronous bilateral testicular cancer.

Objectives: Clinical case report of leydig cell tumor in dog. Design: Clinical case study. History: An eleven year old male German shepherd dog was reffered, small animal hospital of faculty of veterinary medicine because of Anorexia. Because of poor body condition, the animal was euthanised and submitted for necropsy examination. Based on the light & electronic microscopic observation, leydig cell tumor was confirmed. Clinical implications: Occurrence of tumor in dog is without clinical findings, therefore maybe TESTICLEs are not necroptize at necropsy. Thus the rate of tumor, must probably be higher than it is reported. Results: Histopathology and uttrastructural observations, confirmed the leydig cell tumor.

Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant with much application. The main use of this metal is in electroplating and used as a cathode material for nickel cadmium batteries. Chronic exposure to cadmium can result in damaging of various tissues such as the liver, kidney and tested. In this study, we used cadmium chloride at a dose of 2 mg/kg, taurine at a dose of 400 mg/kg; both were used intreperitneal administration for the long-term treatment for 4 weeks (two days in week). The parameters include relative testicular weight, body weight, testicular volume, the thickness of tunca alboginea and spermatogonia A and B, spermatocyte, sprmatid, leyding cell and sertoli cellwere investigated. The results indicated that cadmium significantly increased the thickness of tunca alboginea and relative testicular weight, whereas, the other parameters were significantly decreased also no change never observed after treatment with a combination of taurine and cadmium. This results demonstrated that cadmium induced damage was protected by taurne in mice.

world. Male factor accounts for 40-50% of the cases and varicocele is the most frequent cause of male infertility. However, the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of this disease are still not well elucidated. Cellular apoptosis is raised in infertile patients and research on apoptosis markers may provide new insights on the pathogenic mechanisms involved. We assessed testicular biopsies of men undergoing varicocelectomy and men undergoing vasectomy reversal to serve as a control, and evaluated apoptosis markers and the presence of HPVDNA through PCR.Materials and Methods: Testicular biopsies from 44 men (33 men undergoing varicocelectomy and 11 undergoing vasectomy reversal) who served as a control group. In patients with varicocele, testicular biopsy was performed bilaterally in 30 patients and unilaterally in 3 patients. In the 11 patients undergoing vasectomy reversal, testicular biopsy was performed bilaterally in 8 and unilaterally in 3. The apoptotic markers evaluated were M30, Bax, Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry and the presence of HPV-DNA through PCR.Results: We could not find, in our study, any significant difference in the apoptotic markers (M30, Bax, Bcl-2) between the varicocelectomy patients and the control group (p>0.05). HPV-DNA type 16 was found in 43.2% of the samples and, once again, a relationship between the presence of the HBP-DNA and the apoptotic markers was not detected (p>0.05).Conclusion: According to our results, there is no relation between male infertility caused by varicocele and increased rates of apoptosis or HPV infection.