The prevalence of TORUS palatinus and TORUS mandibularis is widely different in various populations and races. This descriptive study was performed in 1999, to investigate the prevalence of TORUS mandibularis and TORUS palatinus in patients referring to Rafsanjan dental school. 584 Patients (268 men and 316 women) which were over 18 years old were examined. The information recorded in the questionaires were analyzed by EPI6 software resulting in 14.2% for TORUS palatinus (10.4% in men and 17.4% in women) and 4.6% for TORUS mandibularis (6.7% in men and 2.8% in women).

We define slopes in the flat TORUS as the set of equivalence classes of the solutions of linear equations in $\mathbb{R}^2$. The definition is equivalent to that of closed geodesics in the flat TORUS passing through the equivalence class of the point $(0,0)$. In this paper we derive formulas for counting the number of points in the intersection of multiple slopes in the flat TORUS.

The discussion of civil liability arising from algorithmic losses - which is mostly investigated as civil liability of artificial intelligence or liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence is nascent /aborning in the legal literature. Thinking algorithms require a special civil liability system in case of losses due to the unique characteristics of self-learning, randomness, unpredictability and autonomy. The general theory of Opposability can be a guide in such new cases, too. However, having a transparent and pragmatic criterion and standard to compare the harmful algorithm with similar cases to determine its normal operation is associated with challenges. Determining the scope of the concept of reasonable algorithms, in terms of their unknown nature and inherent complexities, needs to be investigated. By examining the existing obstacles, this research pursues the re-examination of reasonable algorithms with a mixture criterion: A standard that creates incentives for technological and innovative spaces, compensates for the damage, improves the safety level of algorithms and realises the appropriate flexibility to face new generations of technology. Rereading the Opposability theory (causality customary) in the field of algorithms with conventional and reasonable efficiency, as well as adapting this general theory in dealing with the losses arising from the use of thinking algorithms, is the main result of ​​the authors' efforts in this article.

The $k$-semi equivelar maps, for $k \geq 2$, are generalizations of maps on the surfaces of Johnson solids to closed surfaces other than the 2-sphere. In the present study, we determine 2-semi equivelar maps of curvature 0 exhaustively on the TORUS and the Klein bottle. Furthermore, we classify (up to isomorphism) all these 2-semi equivelar maps on the surfaces with up to 12 vertices.

This paper present an improved design of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) synchronous machines using PSO algorithm that consider practical limits. At first sizing equations is provided and 20 kW AFPM machine is designed, and then output power density is improved using PSO algorithm. A comparison between improved designed AFPM machine and a prototype constructed machine is performed. Improved machine has more output power density than constructed machine. Then magnetic flux density is calculated based on Maxwell equations analytically. Analytical results have good agreement with finite element method (FEM) results. Use of analytical method takes much less computational time than FEM dose.

In this research, we obtain the resonance frequency of the toroid cold plasma, by calculating the related electric potential in two different states of polarization of the incident electric field. In the first case, we consider the incident electric field parallel to the axis of the TORUS and in the second case, we consider it perpendicular to the axis of the TORUS. By solving the Laplace equation and using the appropriate boundary conditions in the toroidal coordinates, we calculate the electrical potential inside and outside the TORUS and the resonance frequency of the toroidal plasma. Furthermore, the electrical field inside the TORUS is calculated. Then, we plot the resonance frequency and the amplitude of the potential in different sta.