Purpose: The study aimed to provide an overview of tomato loss during road TRANSPORTATION with specific interest in the causes of the postharvest loss, postharvest loss mitigation measures, as well as research focus and trends over the past few decades. Findings: Transport conditions significantly affect tomato quality, influenced by factors like vehicle specifications and road conditions, which contribute to mechanical damage. Post-harvest LOSSES stem from various factors such as the usage of inadequate harvesting tools, inefficient handling and transport equipment, usage of inappropriate packaging materials, poor temperature management and rough handling of fresh fruits as well as substandard road infrastructure. These issues collectively result in substantial LOSSES, reaching up to 60%, notably impacting developing countries. Limitations: The study focused on existing literature published in English. Consequently, it may not offer a comprehensive overview, as other studies with abundant information on the subject might be written in languages not covered by this study’s language restriction. Directions for future research: Future research should prioritize investigating the impact of mechanical stress, such as vibration and impact loads, experienced by fruits like fresh tomatoes during road transport and material handling. Additionally, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of different packaging materials in safeguarding transported tomatoes against mechanical stress.

A considerable amount of wheat is lost during the production and consuming process in Iran. Therefore, die first step to control of LOSSES is cslimation oftlie amount of LOSSES and recognizing die factors affecting them. In this research, 68 samples were selected and surveyed wheat harvest with combines in 2001. The results showed that the average wheat loss in Fars province during the harvesting process was about 4.81% of total product.! he highest amount of LOSSES (68%) was related 10 the head of combine. The natural LOSSES, seive and straw walker LOSSES, threshing cylinder LOSSES, and quality LOSSES had taken the next places respectively. Effective factors the total LOSSES of wheat during the harvest were; Planting dale, land fragmentation each faimer, the farmer knowledge about combine, age of the combines, Planting method, speed of (liereel, height of the cutter bar, yield and training of combine operator. Grain LOSSES during the TRANSPORTATION process was 0,081% of total product. This LOSSES was affected by TRANSPORTATION distance. The cost of wheat LOSSES in harvesting and TRANSPORTATION process in 2001 was about 179 billion Rials in Fars Province.

Corn harvesting involves some LOSSES. These LOSSES result in decreased benefits. It is almost impossible to lower LOSSES to zero percent but it can be controlled in an acceptable level. As a result of this research, appropriate methods are introduced to decrease LOSSES and reduce waste. In this project, LOSSES in different part of combine were measured and evaluated according to the available standard method (ASAE S396.2 & S343.3).Harvesting LOSSES include preharvest and during harvest LOSSES comprising ear loss and kernal loss in the header, cylinder and cleaning LOSSES.This project was conducted on farmers’ lands in Gazvin province. Some assessments related to yield factors were evaluated in different parts of farm with specified area, e.g. Plant height, ear number, stem diameter, ear diameter, cob diameter, row/ear and seed/row. All LOSSES evaluated in three treatments which they were: seed moisture content (w.b.) in three levels of 19%, 23% and 27%, ground speed in three levels of 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 ms-1 and cylinder speed of 400, 600 and 800 rpm. The split plot experimental design based on the randomised complete block design (RCBD) was used to evaluate treatments.Measured LOSSES compared with standard values to introduce the proper methods to decrease LOSSES and proper adjustments. The results show that appropriate seed moisture content, cylinder and ground speed were 23%, 400 rpm and 1.2 ms-1, respectively. They had minimum total loss whichWAS 1.55%, 2.65% and 2.34%, respectivily. The results also show that there was an ear loss in preharvest loss (because of bad weather condition) that was 0.95-5.42%, also kernal loss on the header and cylinder loss which all related to improper adjustment of combine but total loss was in an acceptable level and standard. It was variable from 1.55% to 4.02%. Other parameters such as using inexperienced driver, improper combine adjustment, and also nonuniformity of field and ear moisture content in different parts of field prevent using the outputs and recommendations of this research.

The main purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of banking crisis LOSSES for 49 sample countries over the period 1980-2019. In this regard, two sub-purposes are pursued. In the first preliminary step, we identify and date episodes of banking crises for 49 countries. The graphical analysis of crises showed that about half of the crises were occurred between 2008-2012 in which the share of high-income countries was higher than other country groups. Then, in the second preliminary step, we used the Hodrick-Prescott filter to extract different trends from countries' GDPs to calculate four alternative measures of real output LOSSES. The investigated output LOSSES showed that Angola and Greece had the highest and lowest LOSSES among the four types of LOSSES, respectively. Finally, to achieve the main purpose, we use the Poisson quasi-maximum likelihood (PPML) method to estimate model. The model was estimated without and with currency crisis variable. Our findings show the occurrence of a currency crisis is effective in intensifying output LOSSES following banking crises. Also, the variables of inflation, bank credit to GDP, credit-to-GDP gap, public debt/GDP, with a positive effect and variables of financial openness, discretionary government spending and central bank assets with a negative impact, are important factors in output LOSSES of banking crisis. Therefore, we recommend that the mentioned variables be considered in banking crisis management.

Soil erosion posses play a key role in organic matter loss from watershed. Therefore, study of the organic matter on suspended sediment is very important for watershed management and soil and water conservation planning. The present study was conducted in Kojour Watershed to determine loss of the suspended sediment associated organic matter. The suspended sediment and organic matter sampling was made via depth integration. The results of this study showed that 57 ton organic matter loss from 8 rainfall events and 48gr om in 1 kg sediment loss in each rainfall this period.

In rivers spatially ephemeral rivers, volume of water in downstream reduced due to transmission LOSSES. Thus the modeling such process is important in water resources management and river engineering. In this study, using gene expression programming, transmission LOSSES in zangmar River that is located in northwest Iran, based on observations input and output hydrographs in Mako and Poldasht stations has been calculated. After the introduction of various terminals and commen function in gene expression programming model, the output hydrograph in downstream stations were simulated. Statistical indices showed that the gene expression programming model predict output hydrograph acceptable so that the estimated output LOSSES in comparison with the observed values is 7.4%.