Achene micro-morphology of 17 species of Taraxacum (Asteraceae) is investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In this study 12 qualitative and quantitative characters such as achene length, width and colour, ornamentation type and size, length of beak, length and colour of pappus were examined. Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of data showed that micromorphology of achene has significant role in separating species from each other and it does support the delimitation at sectional level. Our results showed that ornamentation on achene body cannot be used in separation of taxa at species level as well as sectional rank, whereas ornamentation size showed to be a better tool for separation of species. Since fruit micromorphology provides some evidences for delimitation of species and sections, the results then were compared with the phylogenetic trees obtained from Maximum Parsimony (MP) and the Bayesian analysis (BA) of the nrDNA ITS region. Our results showed that current taxonomic system of the genus Taraxacum is not compatible with its phylogeny.

During researches carried out in saline marshlands and dandies in the central regions of Iran in the years of 1395 and 1396, 21 samples were collected by the hand-trapping method in 3 seasons of spring, summer and autumn from 5 stations. Of these, nine species belonging to 5 genera and 5 TRIBEs and two subfamilies of Myrmicinae and Formicinae were identified. Species identified are: Subfamily: Myrmicinae TRIBE: Stenammini Genus: Messor Species: 1)Messor ebeninus TRIBE: Solenopsidini Genus: Monomorium Species: 2)Monomorium indicum 3)M. rimae n. sp. TRIBE: Crematogastrini Genus: Tetramorium Species: 4)Tetramorium sp. Subfamily: Formicinae TRIBE: Formicini Genus: Cataglyphis Species: 5)Cataglyphis niger 6)C. bellicosus 7)C. setipes 8)C. lividus TRIBE: Plagiolepidini Genus: Lepisiota Species: 9)Lepisiota dolabellae All species are reported for the first time from salt marshes and saline soils in the central regions of Iran and also all the identified species verified by prof. Brian Taylor, a member of the Royal Society of British Entomological Society.

TRIBE Acanthaclisini belongs to family Myrmeleontidae. Genera Acanthaclisis with three species and Synclisis with one species have already reported from Iran. In the current research, Centroclisis cervina is reported for the first time from Iran on the base of a male specimen collected in 1989. The new finding represents the first record of genus Centroclisis for Iranian antlion fauna. An identification key for the genera and species of the TRIBE in Iran together with relevant illustrations, and their distribution maps provided.

Iran is a country with many TRIBEs which have an important role in the national unity and security. For the national unity, there needs to be a good relation among TRIBEs and the central government. The Iranian Turkmen who are living in the northeast of Iran have differences with other Iranians on the particulars of ethnicity, linguistic and social structure, but these differences could not emerge as an obstacle on the route of their interactions with other Iranians, if there is no intervention of foreigners that intensifies confrontations. This paper studies the political behaviour of Turkmen people in different periods of their history, and also considers the factors of convergence and divergence between them as well as with other Iranian people, especially those factors which affect national unity and territorial integrity.

Gabbeh, a variation of rug weaved by Iranian nomads, has maintained a crucial part in the Iranian culture. A galaxy of colors and designs, the traditional fabric has still retained its position as an embodiment of delicacy and art. Ironically however, many people have yet to know the handicraft.The present article is aimed to be a remedy promotional effort to the shortfall. It aims to introduce the landmark handicraft. It also aims to describe various designs of weaving which from antiquity to present have told the female Bakhtiyari artisans how to knit the warps or wefts.Also in light of the significance of design, color and texture in weaving a Gabbeh, the author reviews the traditions and customs the Bakhtiyari TRIBE, as major weavers of Gabbeh, practices and the climatic conditions they live in.The author has conducted a blend of field and library study in this research and hopes it would help live up to the status of the traditional Iranian hand woven craft and appreciate its creators' efforts.

The nomadic structure of the Qashqai TRIBE has an ancient history that has continued for nomadic life. The system had its own administrative political organization, which was shaped by nomadic living conditions and nomadic. At the head of this tribal system, there was a monk named Ilkhani, from the beginning of the formation of the Qashqai TRIBE, from the time of the Safavids, in the hands of a family called Shahilo. The main question of the present article is that what was the social political structure in Qashqai and how has the legitimizing mechanisms been implemented? The hypothesis of the article is that the social structure of the Qashqai TRIBE has been hierarchically in response to the needs of the TRIBE, and the structure of power in it is not necessarily based on the violence of the rulers of the TRIBE, but based on symbols, rituals and customs was in TRIBE. Therefore, the distinction between current research and this paper based on the theoretical framework of violence or symbolic domination, we study of the mechanisms and components of the legitimacy of the power of the leaders and attempt to study the subject from the perspective of historical sociology.

In studying different taxonomic aspects of the TRIBE Echinophoreae, the typification status of all species was reviewed. In the present study, authors of the paper designated a syntype for Pycnocycla aucheriana var. aucheriana name and rejected type conditions for a few specimens of Anisosciadium orientale and P. aucheriana var. aucheriana. In addition, some corrections in location and specimen information have been made on a number of type specimens of A. orientale, P. cespitosa, and P. spinosa var. aitchisonii at herbaria C, K, and P.

Galbaghi TRIBE was one of the TRIBEs of Ardalan family that settled in parts of Saral area from Safavid period onwards and it has gradually fallen into the context of historical developments. Galbaghi's caused insecurity in the area at various points and became a problem for local governors. The governors of Ardalan applied cross-cutting and Sectional policies to counter the Galbaghi's. But the coming of Reza Shah and the new centralized government in Iran was a turning point in Galbaghi's history and this government seeks to solve the problem of butterflies forever. In the present study, the history of Galbaghi TRIBE from their beginnings to their forced migration by Reza Shah is studied. The purpose of this study is to explain the way of life of Galbaghi's and historical developments of Galbaghi TRIBE. The main question of the research is why Reza Shah's forced migration of Galbaghi's. This research is based on descriptiveanalytical method. With the coming of the Pahlavi government and efforts to establish a new and permanent order in all parts of Iran, And adopting specific nomadic policies in this regard, It was necessary to make a decisive decision regarding the butterflies and their constant suppression (at least from the point of view of the new central government). The new, centralized, authoritarian government could not accept such turmoil and insecurity, and the reason why they were forced to leave was the same. That is why during this period many Galbaghi's moved to central Iran.

Bronze age (Godin phase III) in central Zagros area is one of the most important Archeological ages in west Iran, when the Godin third phase began in the west and south western parts of Iran. A kind of cultural uniformity is discerned in this era which is evident in the popularity diffusion of its patterned pottery. The main question is how the monochrome patterned pottery had emerged and diffused throughout area in this age.In this paper through using the ethno-archeological method and a study on Zanganeh TRIBE, the development and diffusion of the monochrome patterned pottery in Godin III has been discussed through a comparative analysis of the Zanganeh TRIBE paths. The situations as well as the geographical shapes of this path ways around Kabir Kouh in Bronze Age have been considered in this study. An eclectic method has been used in this research which includes field and library studies. Besides, two important populations, the ancient population of nomads Saymareh valley and contemporary nomad population Zanganeh TRIBE in Bronze Age have been studied in this research.