The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions and explain the Technology Valuation strategies of Iranian startups. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and based on the method of data collection, with a qualitative research approach. The statistical population of the research included experts, policymakers, consultants and CEOs active in Iran's startup ecosystem, 10 people were selected using the purposeful sampling and available method, and it was also analyzed using the interview content analysis method. Based on the findings of the study, 7 subcategories were identified in the main category of strategies. These sub-categories include the development and promotion of the Technology Valuation discourse, the transformation of existing knowledge in the field of Technology into desirable and valuable knowledge, leadership and idea management, comprehensive Technology eValuation system, culture building, regulation and regulation in the Technology market, and the localization of Technology Valuation. Therefore, these strategies, while paying attention to Iran's environmental and cultural issues, can help the development and progress of Iranian startups in the Technology Valuation process and play an important role in the country's economic development.Extended AbstractIntroductionStartups are created as small, new, and independent businesses by individuals for self-employment (Birley & Westhead, 1994). Granlund et al., (2005) provide a definition of a start-up considering fast growth or fast growing companies operating in ICT businesses and the bioTechnology (life sciences) industry (Granlund & Taipaleenmäki, 2005). In general, new businesses that have started from scratch are referred to as startups (Audretsch, Belitski, & Caiazza, 2021). However, the Valuation of startups is a vital issue that must be addressed in order to attract capital and provide the necessary financial resources for their growth and development. The importance of correct startup Valuation is directly related to the importance of this type of company in today's economy (Akkaya, 2020). Also, in recent years, the economic value of startups has been increasing (Stangler, 2019). In addition, startups are the main actors promoting technological innovation (Montani, Gervasio, & Pulcini, 2020).Valuing Technology in startups is one of the main challenges in the development and sustainability of these companies. The correct Valuation of Technology as one of the most fundamental components of decisions related to investment, development strategies, and attracting financial resources can help startups to be more productive of their resources and experience more sustainable growth.Therefore, considering the expansion and importance of startups in the economy, it is important to understand the correct methods to measure their value (Sander & Kõomägi, 2007). Over time, it became clear that traditional Valuation methods (cost approach, income approach, and market approach) are not enough to assess the value of a startup and other things should be considered. In addition, start-up companies typically have almost no track record, meaning that venture capital must "rely on a subjective eValuation method, based on the business plan provided by the investment management." Therefore, it is natural to assume that management is interested in providing a high equity value in order to prepare well for its exit (Hoffmann, 2023).Considering the importance of Technology Valuation of Iranian startup companies and also the mentioned cases, the present study introduces and examines Technology Valuation strategies in Iranian startups. So the main issue here is how to choose and implement appropriate strategies for Technology Valuation in these companies. In this regard, the main question of the study is raised as follows: what are the effective strategies in valuing Technology in Iranian startups?LiteratureValuing technologies and innovations is difficult due to high uncertainty in commercialization (Kim, Ahn, Kwon, & Lee, 2019). Valuing Technology is an illogical goal, and this means reversing the relationship between the means and the goal. This inverted Valuation is harmful to the cultivation of mental culture (Gunderson, 2017). Access to information improves efficiency in Valuation. The role of the Internet and Internet searches is important in disambiguating or moderating Valuation bias (Chang & Kwon, 2018). Technology eValuation based on price adjustment by the transferor is a model for Technology Valuation that has three stages: first, the Technology price is set in negotiations, and in the second stage, the price range is gradually limited, and in the last stage, the time interval for bargaining is determined to ensure a scientific and reasonable price (Ma, 2015). Business team, opportunity size, marketing, sales channels, partners, competitive environment, product strength, intellectual characteristics, idea implementation time, investment periods, and rules and regulations have the most impact on the value of oil startups in Iran (Ghanbari, Hoseini, & Moradi Esfanjani, 2019). To calculate the value of Technology, the three components of the costs incurred for it in different stages (laboratory, prototyping, semi-industrial, etc.), analysis of the future revenues of the Technology and the impact of its special features can be used (Fakour, 2017). At the strategic level of ecosystem innovation, performance is considered in the form of environment and infrastructure preparation (Javidaneh, Jafari, & Vazidedoost, 2021).The possible distribution of the project value and the percentage of the obtained profit are the most important for making decisions in investing in venture projects (Hernandez-Garcia, Guemes-Castorena, & Jaramillo, 2017).Research methodologyThe current research is applicable in nature, and has been implemented in the framework of qualitative method. The statistical population of the research is made up of 10 policy makers, and managers of startups, knowledge centers, accelerators and activists in the country's start-up businesses. The method of data collection was done by conducting face-to-face, in-depth interviews with open questions between 30 and 60 minutes. To ensure the validity of the research, the central coding stage was reviewed by the participants and their views were applied in the central coding stage. Also 3 management professors reviewed the findings and commented on the central coding stage. At the end, the participants helped the analysis and interpretation of the data at the same time. FindingsAccording to the conducted interviews and analyzes done to extract the components and dimensions of the model, the main and subcategories or indices were identified. Based on this, 7 subcategories have been identified for the main category of strategies. Based on this, the results of the present study showed that in order to design and implement the most successful Technology Valuation model in Iranian startups, adopting strategies such as 1. Developing and promoting the Technology Valuation discourse, 2. Converting existing knowledge in the field of Technology into desirable and valuable knowledge, 3. Idea leadership and management, 4. Comprehensive Technology eValuation system, 5. Cultivation, 6. regulation in the Technology market, and 7. Localization of Technology Valuation can be the way forward.ConclusionThe functioning of the results of the present study is influenced by the economic-infrastructural, cultural-social, and legal-political background conditions of Iran. These strategies, while paying attention to Iran's environmental and cultural issues, can help the development and progress of Iranian startups in the Technology Valuation process and play an important role in the country's economic development.Also, interfering factors such as conflicts of interest and Technology brokers can also influence the aforementioned strategies and Technology Valuation in Iranian startups. If the strategies mentioned in the findings of the study are implemented correctly, it can be hoped that in the future, start-up businesses and the entire innovation ecosystem in the country will benefit from the profits of calculating the real value of startup Technology and the profits of the Technology Valuation process itself, regardless of the outcome of this process.In this regard, Fakour (2017) presented a framework for valuing technologies in the early stages of development, which included three components: costs incurred for Technology in different stages (laboratory, prototyping, and semi-industrial), analysis of future revenues, and the impact of specific Technology features. In this study, the role of factors such as the type of business, Technology brokers, the bubble of startups claiming Technology and innovation, the necessary requirements for Valuation, culture making in this field, etc., are not mentioned. khatami firoozabadi et al. (2017) also presented a model for valuing electronic services (information Technology) in large non-profit organizations. In this study, the researchers presented strategies for electronic services in their own model. Based on the results of the study, the researchers state that the opinion of customers is one of the factors that determine the value of electronic services. Also, the costs of providing systems hardware is one of the variables that determine the value of electronic services in the public sector, but in non-profit institutions due to the lack of legal requirements, extract of system hardware costs from financial books is not easy, and due to the multiple use of hardware to provide different electronic services, it is not easy to measure the cost share of each software or system. Menville & Kraemer (2004) developed a resource-based model for IT business Valuation that includes IT resources and complementary resources that affect business processes, which in turn affect organizational performance. Also, Chow et al. (2007) argue that the value of information Technology is the value provided as a result of the use of information Technology. Researchers propose a three-dimensional classification that includes four main levels of user satisfaction, individual impact, organizational impact and social impact (Chau, Kuan, & Liang, 2007). Kohli and Grover (2008) also developed a framework for defining intermediate value (e.g., business process improvement), output value (e.g., better customer service), and competitive value (e.g., first to market) of business information Technology (Kohli & Grover, 2008).According to the results of the present study and the positive effect of the strategies proposed in the design and implementation of the Technology Valuation model on Iranian startups, it is suggested that organizations and startups in Iran take advantage of these strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that the officials and policy makers in the field of entrepreneurship and productivity take the necessary measures regarding the importance of valuing Technology in the media and social networks. In this regard, it is important to hold conferences and seminars with the participation of elites and experts in the field of Technology to create a Valuation discourse. Also, encouraging cooperation between universities and industry in order to exchange knowledge and commercialize university technologies, create mechanisms and standard criteria to evaluate and measure the value of Technology in startups and industry, amend laws and regulations related to Technology in order to facilitate the process of valuing and commercializing Technology, and adapting strategies and Valuation models with Iran's local and cultural conditions can be helpful in this field.

Technology Valuation of entrepreneurs is one of the most critical challenges for financing them through the venture capital (VC) financing process. During the financing process and with the gradual identification of uncertainties, it is desirable for the investor to achieve the rights to terminate, increase or decrease the amount of his investment by exercising an option to abandon, expand, or contract. On the other hand, it is reasonable that by granting such rights to the investor, the entrepreneur requests a higher value for the relevant Technology. In this paper, by reviewing the literature, and also by using the experts’ opinions, real options analysis (ROA) has been proposed for Technology Valuation during the VC financing process. Also, unlike previous researches that have utilized the compound options, an "option to choose" is used to apply investors’ flexibilities during the commercialization stage and contribute to determine the amount of value added to encourage the entrepreneur for granting the mentioned rights to the investor. Finally, by observing the results of Technology Valuation for one case study through the proposed method and the attainment of a value-added about 4. 36 billion rials compared with the traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) method, it became clear that the calculations of a real case are consistent with the reasoning.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from Technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ethics, science and Technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and Technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and Technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.

This paper deals with identifying and ranking influencing factors in Technology value, in Technology exchanges or licensing Technology. After exploratory studies in the field of Technology Valuation models and studying the literature of the subject of this research, researchers identified a relatively comprehensive set of Technology Valuation indicators. Then, by utilizing the experts’ opinions and analyzing the data, with Binomial and Friedman exams, determined the importance ratios of these indicators form the buyers’ viewpoint in automotive industry. Results showed that the indicators related to the benefit dimension and content of the contracts’ dimension have had the maximum importance in Technology value estimation. Finally, a real case was valued by utilizing the identified ratios. Technology valuators and Technology exchange contractors, generally, and participants in automotive industry, specially, can use the results of this research.

The Valuation of a startup business has always been an important topic in the negotiations between entrepreneurs and investors. An examination of existing research shows that despite the importance of the issue, there is not enough knowledge about this important topic and it is necessary to identify a suitable solution for both entrepreneurs and investors. Recent research works on the Valuation of a startup business has emphasized on the fact that the Valuation of such businesses is complicated and difficult for a number of reasons. The purpose of this research is to investigate the challenges of the Valuation systems of startup IT companies in Iran. Due to the lack of sufficient research works in this regard in Iran, also the hidden aspects of the problem and the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research required a qualitative research approach. At first, the literature related to this field was reviewed and quantitative and qualitative models of the Valuation of the startup companies were investigated. By qualitative method and using interviews with Valuation and investment experts, information on how to valuate the startup information Technology companies in Iran and the weaknesses and challenges of this process were gathered. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis method, and after analyzing the interviews, 3 main themes (The current state of Valuation of start-up companies in Iran, Challenges to achieving a native application model for valuing startups, Challenges of Valuation of startups in Iran) and 12 subthemes were identified.

So far, many methods and approaches are introduced and used for Technology Valuation. Some of these methods use complicated mathematical computations, named quantitative methods, to identify value of Technology while qualitative methods are less based on these computations. This article is a review of concepts and methods in Technology Valuation. So explanation of qualitative methods such as econometric models, brain storming or Delphi method is avoided. All of the contents are explained in two parts. The first part of the article talks about some primary concepts in Technology Valuation and the second one introduces the most important and well-known methods and analyses them to some extant, respectively.

Attracting capital in knowledge-based companies in order to manage costs and increase the income that these companies can have has raised the Valuation of this company to an important issue from the point of view of entrepreneurs or founders as well as investors. The method of data collection in this survey is field and library. In this research, a comprehensive approach to identify and prioritize the Valuation methods of these companies in the Technology group, taking into account the reviewed criteria, is presented to unify the views of investors and entrepreneurs, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the final method. . For this purpose, first by reviewing the research literature, all the important and practical Valuation methods of these companies have been extracted. In the next step, the effective criteria in the eValuation have been evaluated by the experts with the fuzzy Delphi method according to their application and the ability to implement different methods. Then, the importance of the criteria was determined using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method. In order to determine the points of the methods in the criteria and also to determine the weaknesses and strengths of the methods, the fuzzy topsis method has been used. According to the results obtained in the Technology Valuation group, the trading option method with a relative distance of 0.58619 is approved and introduced as a suitable method according to the criteria required by entrepreneurs and investors. Finally, suggestions for improving the final method, trading options, in developing suitable .

With the growing knowledge of economics, the role of intellectual property in the development of international businesses and the boom of the national economy has become increasingly pronounced. There are many items on the intellectual property list, but the patent may be the most important intellectual property. Patent rights that bring patent owner immunity are very valuable. These licenses have been tradable in certain markets, like many other economic markets, and one of the concerns of Technology researchers has always been to calculate the value of patents and to decide whether or not to buy them. The present study has developed a system for patent Valuation. In the first step, the decision to invest or not invest in intellectual property (policy making) is examined using Ohlsen's model. In the second step, the patent Valuation is done by using the real option Valuation methods.  Implementation of Ohlsen's model in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange has highlighted the importance of advertising as one of the customer-centric intellectual property of the share price. in second step, a patent is valued in terms of the option to assign and simulate future patent cash flows using the average return process.

Background and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent Valuation method. Method: In this study the effect of different explanatory variables on respondents' willingness to pay for the Protection of logit regression model was used. The required data from 196 completed questionnaires were collected. Findings: 71% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to the protection of the region. Results of logit model estimation showed that the index trend of environmental variables, accountability, financial, environmental and offered membership in the organization are significant. The results showed that the expected value of the willingness to pay was 23948/5 million Rials. The monthly value of protecting the region against 18861/28 million rials respectively. The protective value against was determined 287382/7million rials annually in the study area. Dividing this figure by the total area of ecosystems studied, the average per hectare of ecosystem protection against 8888 thousand (according to the area of 32332 hectares’ area) is obtained. It is recommended at least annually, equivalent to 8888 million (annual preservation value per hectare) Rials for investment protection Khaeiz area. It represents the estimated total value of ecosystem protection in the region. In other words, the ecosystem of the region also has many other values for example, biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, biological diversity, prevent soil erosion, combat air pollution, noise reduction, mitigation and climate stylized, green spaces and landscape and natural scenery, temperature adjustment, increase groundwater resources and consequently the springs and rivers, others noted that their value should be estimated. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the current situation is an important step to safeguard protected areas and natural resources and move towards sustainable development. Also for planners, managers and decision-makers provide justification to the quantity and quality of natural resources to support them.