Background: Numerous studies show that working outside home is the key barrier to breastfeeding. The objective of this study was comparing the pattern of breastfeeding in infants whose mothers were employed in public sectors with UNEMPLOYED mothers.Materials and methods: In this study 630 mothers (254 employed), attending health care centers in northern and western Tehran with 6-30 months infants with the birth weight of at least 2000 g, were interviewed. The results were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: After logistic regression it was revealed that parental education, infant's sex or birth order had no significant effect on rate or duration of breast-feeding. There were no significant differences in the rate of breastfeeding between the two groups at 0 and 2 months, but there were significant differences after returning to work (at 4, 6 8, 10 and 12 months). Our results showed that the rate and duration of breast feeding were significantly lower in employed mothers at all infant ages, after 4 months. Figures for breastfeeding at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months in the two groups of employed and UNEMPLOYED mothers were as follows: 69.7% versus 76.9%, 61.4% versus 73.7%, 57.9% versus 69.9%, 54.7% versus 67.7%,and 52.6% versus 67%, and p-values = 0.044, 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively.Conclusion: After returning to work the rate and duration of breastfeeding in employed mother are significantly lower than housewives.

Forecasting is an essential analytical tool used to make future predictions based on preliminary data. However, the use of small sample sizes during analysis provides inaccurate results, known as asymptotic forecasting. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the unemployment rate of educated people in Indonesia using the bias-corrected forecasting bootstrap technique. Data were collected from a total of 30 time series of educated UNEMPLOYED from 2015 to 2019 using the bias-corrected bootstrap technique and determined using the interval prediction method. The bootstrap replication used is at intervals of 100, 250, 500, and 1000. The results obtained using the R program showed that the bootstrap technique provides consistent forecasting results, better accuracy, and unbiased estimation. Moreover, the results also show that for the next 10 periods, the number of educated UNEMPLOYED people in Indonesia is projected to decline. The bootstrap coefficient also tends to decrease with an increase in the number of replications, at an average of 0.958. The interval prediction is also known to be smooth, along with a large number of bootstrap replications.

Present study attempts to recognize economic behaviors of employed and UNEMPLOYED women of Hamedan using grounded theory and by deep interviews. 30 women based on their availability and by purposive sampling were selected and interviewed. Data were studied by Strauss and Corbin’s coding method. Data analysis and constructed paradigmatic model show that employed women see money as a tool for meeting the needs but UNEMPLOYED women consider it as a tool for welfare. Both of them have an instrumental view to money. Both of the groups for better management of money do saving action; UNEMPLOYED women do it because of economical compultion. Better management of buying is common among both groups, though their mechanisms are different. Both of groups have economical dependency but this dependency is not complete for employed women and use men accompaniment only for meeting the need of gender insecurity. Two groups use some part of their income for charity affairs, although UNEMPLOYED women do it in low cost affairs. Dominant economic attitude amomg employed women is tendency to effort but among UNEMPLOYED women fatalism is dominant. Economical gendered insecurity and untrust to economical relations exists among both groups. Poverty among UNEMPLOYED women leads to social exclusion of them. Core category of this study was named “Socialization of economic expectations”.

Objectives: Nowadays the economic experts in every country measure the growth and development based on numbers of individual at work on that society. The increase in economic growth appears through decreasing unemployment, increase in rate of participation of manpower and decrease in poverty and reduction of unemployment. Therefore to prevent unemployment of specialist and create the equilibrium between supply and demand of manpower, it is necessary to predict the needs for specialist manpower in country. In this connection, the present research was conducted to study the effect of economic factors on UNEMPLOYED educated of university in university of Isfahan. Human resources are among most important factors in development process of every society. In using human factor for wide development, there exist two topics of unemployment and employment. Although unemployment more and less exist in every society and it is a major socio-economic problem, In this connection, the problem of educated UNEMPLOYED in the higher education is am much great problem and is of greater important. First, because every year a great section from limited human and material resources in country devoted to educate this group Moreover, development level increasingly affects by using humans capitals and the educated are considered as samples of human capital in society. Also, because of bad social-political consequences of the unemployment educated rather than other UNEMPLOYED, this problem has special important. Job increasing and creating labor has been existed in the past. When sensitivity and important of this subject increased that world countries free from world war one and two seek to reconstruction war disruption. A present time, the issue of exceeding supply of the labor to demand prevails in "industrialized and no industrialized societies and problem of unemployment affects.Method: The descriptive- correlative method is made use for survey of this research subject. Statistical population of this study was all of the faculty members and students at university of Isfahan in academic year 2004-2005. Statistical sample was 351 who were selected randomly. Research instrument was a self-made questionnaire with 28 items which had reliability of ra=0/98.Findings & Results: The findings of research showed that: a) The economic factors affected on UNEMPLOYED educated of university. b) There is no difference between faculty members and students view point with a respect to demographic characteristics about economic factors of UNEMPLOYED educated of university. Based on research findings, it can be suggested that: a) motivation be presented to increase investment, that can promote private sector move their savings from banks and direct it toward productive sector and hence create new opportunity for employment and jobs b) privatization be speed up, this can bring a situation for private business men to participate in economic affairs and trough investing they can create new jobs on one hand, and on the other hand limiting government intervention c) protection by government be presented for internal goods & services, this can be done trough economic incentives and tax cut that can encourage private investors to increase their activity and speed up production process. d) to increase employment incentives and facilities be provided, that is, government trough banks and lending associations provide low interest rate loans to investors create new job opportunities e) dependency of economy based on income from oil most be decreased, that is, government and private sector can work together to increase gross national product trough production of goods and services in industry and agriculture and their for decrease their dependency upon revenue provided from exporting oil. f) rate of gross national product be increased, this can be done trough above suggestion that is, increase productivity in three different sections of economy that is industry agriculture and services

Given the challenging economic conditions and the constraints faced by manufacturing firms, it has become increasingly crucial to focus on workers as valuable national assets and the driving force behind economic development. Facing job insecurity and unemployment can have a significant impact on individuals' personal lives and future careers.This paper aims to understand the process of workers' coping and dealing with unemployment and its associated harms.The study was conducted using an interpretive-qualitative approach and a constructivist grounded theory method. To collect the necessary data, the researchers participated in the field in three roles: worker, researcher, and employee of a support organization. To select participants, a purposive sampling method of convenience and theoretical sampling was used. With the number of samples reaching 37, theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted within the framework of constructivist grounded theory, and the text was coded in three levels of primary, focused, and theoretical. The findings showed that the experience of unemployment has various dimensions, including social stigma of unemployment, identity crisis, economic crisis, family crisis, experience of shame, and psychological distress. These dimensions are ultimately categorized under the concept of social shame of unemployment, which entails various aspects of the experience of rejection, personal failure, and inability to succeed.

Objective: Paid employment has become increasingly very important in the lives of women, as the rapid social changes in different classes of the Iranian Society affects roles and positions of women with great changes at a rapid pace. Hardiness as a predicting factor for mental health is selected in this study to evaluation the effects of employment on the women.Method: 250 employed married and 250 UNEMPLOYED married women were selected by stratified convenience sampling. Subjects aged 24–41 years; were from the lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic status groups; with a level of education of 10±2 grades and higher; and had at least one school-going child. The Personal View Survey (PVS) was used to collect data.Results: The results showed that Professional employed married women scored significantly higher on hardiness and three of its dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge) than the UNEMPLOYED. Among employed married women, professionals scored significantly higher on hardiness and the control dimension l than non-professionals. Professional and non-professional employed women did not differ significantly on commitment and challenge. Non-professional employed and UNEMPLOYED women did not differ significantly on the scores of hardiness.Conclusion: Paid employment increases hardiness in the professional, employed women. Status of work is an important factor for creation of positive effects of working in women.

Introduction: In Iran the growing concern over low reproductive rates has led to alterations in demographic policies over recent years. The literature is indicated of different effects of women’ s employed and religiosity on their reproductive performance. Present study aimed to Comprise religious orientation and reproductive performance of employed and non-employed women. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 360 UNEMPLOYED and employed women in healthcare centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and in schools of selected districts of Ministry of Education in Tehran, 2015. Three questionnaires including: demographic characteristics, religious orientation and reproductive performance were utilized for data collection. Results: The Mean ± SD number of children for UNEMPLOYED women was 1. 29± 0. 75, for women working at schools 1. 68± 0. 71 and those working in healthcare centers was 1. 08± 0. 84 (P=0. 001). The mean ideal number of children for women working at schools was significantly higher than that of UNEMPLOYED women and employed women in healthcare centers and hospitals (P=0. 001). The level of gender preference for a male child in the housewife group 21. 7% (39) was higher than that of the employed groups and the majority of employed women in Ministry of Health 61. 1%(55) and Ministry of Education 70%(63) had no gender preferences. Intention for childbearing in UNEMPLOYED women 43. 3% (78) was higher than in the employed ones. Religious orientation had significant and positive correlation with the number of children (P = 0. 01, r = 0. 13). Conclusions: Women’ s employed is associated with their religious orientation and reproductive performance. This research took steps to identify the factors affecting the success of demographic policies.

Background: Professional identity is a part of human identity and career has a beneficial impact on psychological health. The importance of personality in job achievement has also been increasingly concerned in economics. Objective: To compare the Big Five personality factors between employed and UNEMPLOYED persons.Materials and Methods: This study was an applied cross sectional analytic descriptive research of a comparative type which was conducted from January 2012 to March 2012. The sample size was thirty in each group of employed and UNEMPLOYED subjects, chosen randomly from male population of a city in the North of Iran with purposive sampling method. Age and education level of subjects were controlled according to labor market conditions. For collecting data, the NEO inventory was used; five factors of personality can be assessed by which. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 through descriptive and inferential statistics using independent t-test.Results: A total of thirty employed and 30 UNEMPLOYED men in the age range of 20-50 years participated in the study. The neuroticism score was higher in UNEMPLOYED persons (p=0.001). The openness score resulted in no significant difference between employed and UNEMPLOYED people (p=0.96). The scores of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly higher among employed people rather the UNEMPLOYED ones (p=0.01, 0.001 and 0.01, respectively).Conclusion: Personality traits except openness have significant relationship with employment, neuroticism may have a negative relationship, and the other personality traits maybe in the positive relationships with employment.