During the years 1997-1998, thirty-one Agrobacterium isolates were obtained from gall and sap of infected grapes as well as from soil in vineyards of Fars and Kohkilouyeh and Boyerahmad province. Two pathogenic and one non- pathogenic isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Biovar1 were selected and their cell protein patterns compared through gel electrophoresis. A pathogenic and one non- pathogenic isolate of A. VITIS and A. tumefaciens Biovar1 were selected from which antisera were prepared. Serological studies based on agar gel diffusion placed bacterial isolates in 4 serogroups while slid agglutination test placed the isolates in 6 sergroups. A comparison of cell proteins pattern showed that A. VITIS and A. tumefaciens Biovar1 isolates were heterogenous, even though similar protein bands existed among the isolates.

Introduction: Grape (V. vinifera L. ) is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran, and play a major role in the export income. According to World Food Organization statistics, the area under global cultivation has been seven million hectares and Iran ranks seventh in the world with 316, 000 hectares. Grape production is about 77. 5 million tons and Iran is ninth in the world with production of about 2. 5 million tons. Fars province is in the first place with 75, 000 hectares of fertile vineyards. Qazvin, Khorasan Razavi, West Azarbaijan, Hamadan and East Azarbaijan provinces are also ranked next. Cold stress is one of the constraints on the cultivation of grapes, so prevention of frost damage is one of the important points in the world's grape areas. This damage could be due to early autumn cold and late spring in the temperate region, such as winter frost of 2007, early autumn frost of 2015 and late spring frost of 2014 and 2017. Protecting plants against the harmful effects of low temperatures in agriculture is considerable. One way to prevent frost damages is using plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid. It seems that salicylic acid plays a role in the resistance to the cold stress, and it probably contributes to the activity of antioxidant enzymes and hydrogen peroxide metabolism, so it reduces cold stress damages and increases the plant tolerance to frost. The role of salicylic acid against cold stress have been reported in various plants such as lemon, pistachio, peach, pomegranate, apricot and walnut. Studies have shown that application of salicylic acid on grape seedlings increased the resistance to thermal stresses by reducing ion leakage and decreased the peroxidation of the cell membranes. Also, SA increased the proline and soluble carbohydrates in Plukenetia volubilis seedlings. In the present study, the effects of salicylic acid was investigated on the reaction of potted seedlings of some grape varieties under the spring frost. Then shoot burn percentage, recovery, ion leakage and peroxidation of membrane lipids of seedlings were investigated after cold application. Therefore, the changes in the amount of some osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidants such as phenolic compounds were evaluated by salicylic acid and cold treatments. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in greenhouse of Department of Horticulture Engineering of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in spring 2017 on two-year potted seedlings. It was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid on reducing the damage of spring frost in some grape varieties such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. Salicylic acid was sprayed at 0, 0. 5 and 1 mM in E-L=11 on two year-old potted. After 24 hours, cold treatment was applied at 0 and-2 ° C and normal temperature (as control) for 8 h. Control was in the greenhouse with natural temperature. Potted plants were transferred to the greenhouse and after 72 hours, the burn percentage was calculated. Also, recovery of the seedling was determined 20 days after the cold. Other parameters were measured such as ion leakage, malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates, proline and phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis and mean comparison of the results was done by SPSS and LSD test. Results and Discussion: According to the results, salicylic acid and cold treatments had significant effects on some characteristics of Vinifera species such as Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. The results showed that with increasing the cold stress to-2 ° C, the burned shoot percentage was increased and the grown buds percentage was decreased compared to control, and electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were increased at same temperature. Salicylic acid 1 mM reduced the damage to shoots and increased the recovery of seedlings. The lowest amount of electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde were observed in 1 mM salicylic acid treated seedlings compared to non-treated. According to the results, application 1mM salicylic acid increased osmotic regulators and antioxidants such as proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. There was a significant difference between Vinifera and Riparya species at-2 ° C in some parameters such as burned shoot, recovery, ion leakage and malondialdehyde. Also, there were significant differences between Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species at-2 ° C and 1 mM in proline, solution carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. It has been reported that salicylic acid plays a role of osmotic regulation for the cell and it can reduce the damage of frost by stimulating the hydrolysis of insoluble carbohydrates or proteins and enhancing compounds such as soluble carbohydrates, so it led to reduce the freezing point of the tissue. Increasing in soluble carbohydrates have been reported in grapes and lemon by salicylic acid spraying. Conclusions: Spring frost has damaging effects on grapevine and can lead to a lot of economic damage to gardeners. Therefore, it can be prevented by some plant regulators such as salicylic acid. The results of the present study showed that the damage caused by cold treatment in control seedlings was more than the plants that were treated with salicylic acid and concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid at 2° C had a positive effect on reduction of morphological damage severity as well as reduction peroxidation of the cell membrane. Cold tolerance of seedlings may be due to the role of salicylic acid in increasing antioxidant substances such as phenolic compounds, as well as in increasing osmotic regulators such as proline and soluble carbohydrates, thereby increasing cell sap concentration and tissue freezing point. This reduced the negative effects of low temperature and reduced cell membrane damage and electrolyte leakage and improved the recovery ability of two-year-old potted seedlings of Bidaneh Sefid, Perlette and Riparia species. So, it can be concluded that among different tested species, Riparia had the lowest percentage of shoot burn and highest recovery ability than the cultivars of Vinifera. Among the genotypes of Vinifera species, Bidaneh Sefid was the most proline and soluble carbohydrate compared to Perlette, indicating a higher adaptation to cold conditions.

One of the most known species of the genus Vaccinium (Ericaceae) is Vaccinium VITIS-idaea L. or lingonberry. Leaves are included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (XIV-th edition) and the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Belarus (II-nd edition). The aim of this review is an analysis of data about a chemical content and types of pharmacological activities of Vaccinium VITIS-idaea L. to discuss the tendency of future investigations on this plant. The main parts of works describe researches of chemical contents of fruits as medicinal and edible plant material. The majority of researches describe results of in vitro experiments. A significant interest is the study of the neuroprotective activity of the Vaccinium VITIS-idaea extracts as well as their anti-cytokine and antiapoptotic properties and metabolic effects. The main biologically active compounds are phenologlycosides, tannins, proanthocyanes, saponins etc. These results will be of great significance for the development of new drugs from this plant and use along with the fruits of other parts of the plant...

The proper consumption of plant wastes could not only provide a possible source of natural products, but it also is an environmental friendly research. The aim of this study was to use grape wastes as a source of peroxidase. In practice, one isoenzyme of peroxidase (POD1) was partially purified from VITIS vinifera wastes, the plant which is widely harvested in Iran. The activity of this novel peroxidase was determined using guaiacol as its substrate. The new peroxidase was partially purified and its kinetic parameters determined. The values of Km and Vmax of peroxidase for guaiacol were 83. 2 mM and 0. 35 M/min respectively. Optimum pH and temperature were determined for guaiacol to be 6. 2 and 60 C respectively. According to SDS-PAGE results, the molecular weight of isozymes was 38-40 KD. The results indicate that agricultural leftovers from VITIS vinifera are a considerable source for a peroxidase with reliable kinetic behaviors.

Reports have shown the antioxidant, hypotensive, hypolipidemic and vasodilatory effects of grape (VITIS vinifera L.) seed extract. We have recently shown the relaxatory effect of grape leaf extract on rat uterus and reduction of frog heart rate and contractility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relaxant effect of VITIS vinifera leaf hydroalcoholic extract (VLHE) on rat thoracic aorta contractions induced by phenylephrine and KCl and the role of aorta endothelium on this action. Rat aorta was removed and placed in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution and aorta contractions were recorded isometrically. The results demonstrate that VLHE (0.125-2 mg/ml) reduces the endothelial intact aorta reconstructed by phenylephrine (1mM) dose-dependently (P<0.0001). Extract induced the same response in endothelial denuded aorta, but in a much lesser extent. The IC50 for both groups were 0.45±0.08 and 1.73±0.23 mg/ml, respectively. However, the contractile responses of these groups were similar. VLHE (0.125-2 mg/ml) reduced the contractions induced by KCl (80 mM) dose-dependently (P<0.0001). The relaxatory effect of VHLE on KCl–induced contractions was less than those evoked by Phenylephrine. Vasorelaxatory effect of VHLE on intact aorta was attenuated by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100mM) and gaunyl cyclase inhibitor (methylene blue, 10mM) significantly, but was unaffected by atropine (1mM). The results suggest that the greatest vasorelaxant effect of VHLE on rat aorta is endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP are mostly responsible but cholinergic receptors are not involved.

With regard to its economic importance of grapevine, study on different aspects of factors that induce hardiness to the unexpected early-season and late-season cold seems to be essential. Some of the transcription factors are essential for synthesis of proteins that are important for cold adaptation. In the present study, differences in the expression patterns of two CBF1 and CBF4 transcription factors were evaluated under cold stress conditions in the “Khalili-Danedar”, “Shahroodi” and “Riparia”. Results showed that expression of CBF1 was increased at early minutes of cold stress and “Riparia” showed higher expression compared with two other genotypes. Also the least expression was recorded for “Shahroodi” after 24 h of cold treatment. Regarding CBF4, increase in the expression was started one hour after cold treatment and similar to the CBF1, the highest expression was recorded for “Riparia”. Results of expression patterns of these two genes in “Riparia” grape showed that expression of CBF4 was about 10 fold of CBF1.

Several reports have shown the various effects of grape (VITIS vinifera) seed extract such as antioxidant, hypotensive, hypolipidemic and vasodilatory effects. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of grape leaf hydroalcoholic extract on isolated rat tracheal contractions induced by KCl and acetylcholine. The trachea was removed from male adult Sprague-Dawley rat and placed in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution and contractions were recorded isometrically. The results demonstrate that the grape leaf extract at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/ml significantly reduces the tracheal contractions induced by KCl (60 mM) dose-dependently (P<0.0001). Acetylcholine (55 μM)-induced tracheal contractions were also attenuated at the same concentration of the extract (P<0.0001). The grape leaf extract induced relaxation in the KCl-induced contraction in trachea was  unaffected neither by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 μM) nor by beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol 1 μM). Our results suggest that the bronchodilatory effect of grape leaf extract is mediated via the voltage dependent calcium channels. Furthermore, the beta-adrenergic and NO are not involved.