Introduction: In particle physics, CP Violation is a Violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. CP Violation represents the most delicately broken symmetry observed so far in nature and provides physicists with a powerful phenomenological probe. The Violation of CP symmetry is one of the most intriguing aspects of high-energy physics which plays an important role in the theories of cosmology that attempt to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe. The study of CP Violation remains a vibrant area of theoretical and experimental work today. From 1964, experimenters have searched for CP Violation in mesons. Mesons are essential to CP Violation. A meson contains one quark and one antiquark, in an equal mixture of matter and antimatter. Family of mesons involves particles like pions, kaons, B and D mesons and etc.Aim: A theoretical tool for CP symmetry breaking has been used and the Violation of this symmetry in b quark decays has been investigated.Materials and Methods: In this research, the decay rates of b quark and`b antiquark in tree-level and penguin based on effective Hamiltonian theory have been calculated and the values of CP Violation in b quark decays have been obtained by means of them.Results: Relying on quark model of b and`b decays, we have compared theoretical results with experimental ones for CP Violation in B meson decays. We consider that b→ ud`u and b →cs`c decays have greatest and smallest values of CP Violation, respectively.Conclusion: Various b quark and`b antiquark decay rates in tree-level and penguin, based on effective Hamiltonian theory, calculated. Obviously, when calculating the decay rates of those four decays which only contain tree-level, b → ud`c, b → us`c, b → cd`u and b→ cs`u, Wilson coefficients C3, ..., 6 that carry the gluonic penguin contributions, have been taken equal to zero and hence, there is no difference between quark and antiquark decay rates for these decays. Making use of CP asymmetry relation and using the values of the decay rates in, we calculate CP Violation for those b quark decays which have different rate from the corresponding antiquark due to the effect of penguin contribution and presence of Wilson coefficients C3, ..., 6 in effective Hamiltonian formalism.

Illegality is a main obstacle of social improvement. Expecting others to obey laws and regularities and do not paying attention to our duties as citizens, Interpreting the laws for our individual and group benefits, cheating , using law as a tool, fraud in the application of law, misuse of law, inflicting severe damages on public and private profits, and committing offenses are all different forms of illegality. Illegality is a negative cultural state of being against the rules of law, which is opposed to legality. Citizens have various civil, political, social, economic, cultural and judicial rights, and providing these rights is aimed by all governments. Public organizations also commit offenses by employing discriminatory and unfair regulations. The current study aims toassess the effects of illegality on citizens, and mutual rights of government and citizens, and also the effects of intraorganizationalillegalities on citizens’ rights.

The culture of every nation is made up of values and beliefs that determine the identity of people, which undergo changes and transformations and sometimes attack during the process of globalization. Paying attention to the consequences and dangers of cultural invasion can have an all-round and extensive effect on various dimensions of political, cultural and economic rule and affect the rule in the territory. The present descriptive-analytical research seeks to understand the concept of cultural invasion and its various examples from the perspective of international law. This research shows that although it cannot be claimed that cultural affairs remain exclusively within the national jurisdiction, propaganda and cultural genocide are the most important examples of cultural aggression, and international law provides various tools such as self-help, legitimate defense, and cultural sanctions for the government under attack. By using the general standards of international responsibility, where the cultural invasion is contrary to international legal rules, the responsibility of the violators can be demanded.

One of the issues that have received less attention in competition litigation cases in our legal system is the litigation costs problem. The Competition Council has several tasks under "the Act of the execution of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution"(2007), which requires a great deal of expense to perform optimally. At present, these costs funded by the government. Although in the current state of the economy with considering other countries' approaches to financing these costs, it is better to have at least some of the funding required by the council from other sources (such as receiving fees from private applicants).This study investigates the experiences of the US, Canada, Japan, Turkey, Denmark, the UK, Swiss, Ireland, South Africa, and Hong Kong legal systems in providing competition litigation costs.This article, in an analytical way, examines the justification for collecting litigation costs. Using the experience of other legal systems, it proposes a method (along with suggesting some articles) for allocation of litigation costs in the Iranian competition law and merger control regime to introduce a basis for reforming the law and optimizing Iran's competition system.

One of the most important goals of developing the rules of international humanitarian law is to protect people who are not directly involved in war in most cases, but the violence and suffering caused by war is imposed on them. As one of the vulnerable groups, women are exposed to being victimized due to war crimes or crimes against humanity, especially during civil wars. When a civilian group, in the territory of a government enters into conflict with that government, a situation of non-international armed conflict is created; A situation that will be governed by different rules than those governing international armed conflicts. The rules that result from Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, the second additional protocol and international custom. Dominating a part of the territory of a country by the forces on a continuous basis, having minimum facilities to establish a base inside the territory of the conflict, having a responsible commander, etc. are the most important characteristics of a hostile group, and in this case, it is possible to implement the rules of law. International humanitarianism is expected from them.The black figure of women's victimization due to their gender in armed conflicts has led to the lack of identification of the perpetrators and the lack of necessary support for them, and this itself leads to their secondary victimization. In internal armed conflicts, the issue of women's victimization, due to the occurrence of violence inside the territory of a country and its inability to be monitored by international institutions on the one hand, and their victimization (direct and indirect) from different directions on the other hand, along with numerous problems It becomes more important in repairing the damage caused to them. In addition, the governments do not want to provide humanitarian support and aid to their nationals and citizens in the event of a civil war, and in the event of this type of conflict, they seek to suppress the opposition to the extent that the perpetrators of war crimes and ... be.Today, the Violation of women's rights in internal armed conflicts as people who did not play an active role in these conflicts is recognized as a war crime. Because war crime is known as a gross Violation of international humanitarian rights in armed conflicts, and the Violation of women's rights is a gross manifestation of this Violation. Although committing these actions in some cases leads to a crime against humanity or even genocide. Since the Violation of the rules of humanitarian rights has been done in the territory of a state, not only the people involved in these conflicts, but also the states (whether the state that is a party to the conflict or the state that helps one of the parties to the war) are committed and obliged to respect the rights are international humanitarians and in case of Violation of these international rules, they will be responsible for the victims of crimes. In the rules of international humanitarian law governing civil wars, the civil and international responsibility of governments and perpetrators of crimes in these conflicts is emphasized. In addition to accepting the Violation of women's rights as a war crime and a crime against humanity (as the case may be), the statutes and jurisprudence of international criminal courts have considered the perpetrators of these crimes to be criminally responsible.  This article, using the descriptive-analytical method, using library resources and card cabinet tools, seeks to investigate the issue of what are the most important manifestations of the Violation of women's rights in civil wars as a Violation of international humanitarian rights and its effects, and the procedure How has international criminal courts been in identifying numerous cases of Violation of women's rights? Sexual violence, as the most obvious example of the Violation of women's rights in internal armed conflicts, has led to many destructive effects on women, which is confirmed by the studies conducted during internal armed wars and especially after the end of the war and violence. What the numerous cases of internal armed wars and the judicial procedure of international criminal courts show is the lack of appropriate solutions and treatment for women victims of violence in the process of reacting to the Violation of their rights, especially in criminal proceedings (Submitting a complaint to the corrupt criminal system, the lack of proper services from lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and the criminal justice system in general), which requires providing different ways of support than what currently exists.

In the study of sonnet sequence as a genre, invented by Italian Renaissance sonneteers and practiced up to the seventeenth century, we find out that Petrarch has not only been the most influential figure who established the elements of the convention but he also seems to have become an integral part of the sonnet convention. Petrarchan elements such as the idealized images of the beloved, the theme of sublimation, and the tone of lamentation receive a totally different treatment in Donne’s Songs and Sonnets that is far from the spirit of Petrarch’s poetry. As a metaphysical poet, Donne uses these elements either in a mocking tone to question the purity of love or with a serious attitude to reflect the paradoxical nature of love. The objective of this paper is to elaborate briefly on the Petrarchan elements and then discuss Donne’s Violation of such a convention.

The beginning of World War I, Miraculously Freed Iran form being divided between Russia and Britain. Unfortunately, however, the Persian Government couldn’t take the advantage of the then politically favorable atmosphere in both domestic and international spheres. The Persian Government, instead of allying itself with Britain and Russia, declared its neutrality. But this neutrality was violated by the Central Powers and the Allies. Meanwhile, the rift within the parliament deputies, the cabinet members, and the political parties-and dependence of Ahmad Shah and his principal ministers on Russia and Britain-caused more cabinets instability and extension of violence and chaos in Iran and culminated in the so called tripartite coalition of Russia-Britain-Iran (August, 1916) and protectorate Persia. It seems that the occurrence of Communist Revolution in Russia their occupation with their revolutionary problems were the miracle that prevented Iran from being divided between the two powers of Britain and Russia.

The vast Violation of humans’ fundamental rights and freedoms including political suppression, social discrimination, intolerance and endurance towards minorities (religious, ethnic and so on), marginalization of opposition voice from any sort and so on is one of substantial causes in shaping and developing the aggressive and terrorist actions. On the other hand, the aggressive actions generally named as “terrorism” –either direct or indirect- lead to Violation of human rights and the citizens fundamental freedoms. Put exactly, since dealing/meeting with terrorist crimes must be carried out systematically and consistently, and requires the relatively severe measures (as compared with other crimes), sometimes there is an anxiety that states (even systems based on democracy and rule of law) may lose rationality and moderation way and in framework of combating terrorism, the state itself commit violating or limiting the human rights. Human rights are threatened by both terrorists and the states victimized by terrorist actions. Therefore face with a kind phenomenon of terrorism-human rights circularity. Thus the main purpose of this article is to describe and explain the causal relation between these two concepts and to present the appropriate solutions in order to meet this global problem.