Humans and animal bites are a significant public health problem, with the majority of bites coming from dogs, cats and humans. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data, 250,000 human bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 4.7 million dog bites occur each year in the United States in adults and children, and 20% of these victims require medical care for injuries sustained. The estimated healthcare cost associated with management of cat and dog bites in the United States is > $ 850 million annually and does not take into account the costs to the patient in terms of time off work, rehabilitation, and permanent impairment. Infection is the most common bite-associated complication. The relative risk is determined by the species of the inflicting animal, bite location, host factors, and local wound care. Most infections bring about by mammalian bites are poly-microbial, with mixed aerobic and anaerobic species. The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of the infected bite wounds vary according to the causative organisms. Human bite wounds have long had a bad reputation for severe infection and frequent complication. This article reviews the dog, cat and human bite. The content of this article provide a comprehensive overview of the types of bites, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, as well as using clinical guidelines and treatment through antibiotic therapy.

Animal bites are major public health issues, not only for the risk of acquiring secondary infections but also for the possibility of contracting rabies. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of animal bites in Tehran, Iran. During a three- year period, through a questionnaire- based study, 8806 bitten persons were enrolled into our study. Of these, 79.16% were males and 20.84% were females. bites were most frequent among the age group of 20-29 years. Most cases were self employed. Upper extremities were the most frequent bite site (53.8%). The offending animals, in order of frequency were dogs, cats, squirrels, monkeys, hamsters, and other animals, responsible in 5804 (65.9%), 2241 (25.44%), 343 (3.89%), 134 (1.52%), 125 (1.41%), and 159 (1.84%) cases, respectively. We found that animal bites are still prevalent in Iran and thus preventive measures and health education are required for the public.

Introduction: Rabies is an infectious central nervous system disease that infects all mammals and man. This study aimed at investigating the epidemiology of animal bites in Shahroud.Methods: In this descriptive study, all the data related to animal bite cases in shahroud in 2008-2009 were collected based on the data registration notebooks.Results: A total of 588 cases of animal bite were reported in 2008-2009, the majority of whom (82.1%) were male. Of this total, 35.7% were urban and 64.3% were rural. Just 2 of the cases were foreigners. The incidence rate of animal bite in the city was 159 (27%), compared to 429 cases (73%) in villages. Dogs and cats accounted for about 79.1% and 12.6% of the cases respectively. 12 cases were also wolf, fox and Reynard bites. All cases have completed vaccination. In 82.3% of animal bites, the biter was alive after 10 days and in 2% biters were dead and in 15.6%, the biter reported invisible after 10 days. The incidence rate of animal bites in Shahroud was 246 in one hundred thousand.Conclusions: Animal bites are one of the most important problems of public health. Educational activities along with the promotion of out- organizing cooperation can play a significant role in controlling this problem.

Background: The rate of animal bites in Golestan Province, Iran, is alarmingly high, placing a significant burden on the country's healthcare system. Kalaleh City is one of the cities of Golestan Province and the rate of animal bites needs to be investigated. Therefore, this study was designed and conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of animal bites in Kalaleh City from 2016 to 2020. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3838 animal-bitten cases that were registered in the electronic system of the rabies prevention department of the health center were included in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS software. Findings: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects’ age was 27.07 ± 19.27 years. The total incidence rate in these five years was 654 per 100000 population. 72.4% of the bitten people were men, and 86.3% were villagers. In terms of animals, 89.5% of bites were by dogs and 7% by cats. In terms of bite season, it was 26.2% in spring and 26.6% in summer. In terms of job distribution, 31.7% were students. Conclusion: The average incidence rate of animal bites during the study period was 654 per 100000 individuals. Most of the people bitten were villagers and men. The bites have been significant among students, children, and farmers. Interventions to reduce the incidence rate in this city seem necessary.

Background& Objective: Animal bites are considered to be an important threat to human health. Ardabil province in north-western Iran has the highest incidence rate of animal bites in Iran. This study was an attempt to investigate the epidemiological features of animal bites in Ardabil province during a one-year period from April 1999 to April 2000. Methods: In this descriptive study a special questionnaire was filled for all cases of animal bites reported during a one year period in Ardabil province. The questionnaire included questions regarding rabies, age, sex, job, etc. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (release 9). Descriptive statistics was used in the form of frequency tables and graph in order to summarize the data. Results: The total number of exposed persons to animal bites were 4331. Males comprised 75% of cases (3259) and 1072 persons (25%) were females. The highest incidence rate was seen among 30-50 year-olds. Animal bites were more common in summer. In 3078 cases (17%), legs were the main site of bite. Dog bite was the most common type (95%). Conclusions: This study confirms that animal bite such as dog bite is an important public health problem in Ardabil province. Regarding the importance of this issue it is necessary to take serious measures in order to control and prevent this health thereat.

For many years Scorpion bites has been a cause of mortality and morbidity in some endemic areas in southern parts of Iran. This study was carried out to examine the epidemiology and clinical manifestation of scorpion bites in children. Subjects were 100 children hospitalized with documented scorpion bite factors such as kind of scorpion, geographical area, age, sex, clinical manifestation and laboratory findings were assessed. Results showed that high risk patients were younger ones or those bitten on central parts of body (trunk) or bitten by H. leptaros. Andractonous bites usually caused a lot of pain and sympathetic over activity (sweating, tachycardia, parasympathetic symptoms, and scrolling). Encephalopathy and myocardititis and ATN was the main causes of mortality among children. Scorpion bites must be managed without delay specially in children. For suitable and urgent management of complications all of the .children with scorpion bites should be kept under observation for the first 12-24 hours.