The caste system as a system of social relations has been one of the important issues in the Indian society for centuries. There have been lots of assumptions, discussions, and explanations on its origin, nature and role in the Indian Society. It has been claimed that this system is an ideological system which controls all other relations within the society, and its central idea, in fact, lies in a hierarchy based on “purity” and “pollution”.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the caste system in India and to elaborate the resulted problems and difficulties. The importance of covering the issue is so clear because some of the socio-economic disparities have their roots in the very system. The methodology of this article is documentary- library based, and in different sections of it we will cover the definition of caste, caste dynamics, caste as an ideology, caste and class, and changes in the caste system besides discussing the caste system in the ancient, medieval, and the British colonialism periods.

“Maqamat”, Written by Badi Al-Zaman Hamadani, Known as “Maqamqt Al-Kodyah”, is a book written in 4th century (Hijra) and The scholars have paid attention to it from that age till now. Also the structure trait of Maqamat has absorbed effort of researchers to itself and lead them to have less consider to the meaning aspect of this book. Therefore some scholars believe That The Badi Al- Zaman’s efforts is compressed in word arrangement having no tendency to the meaning. Further some believes that Maqamat teaches straight trict and juggle to others, so it has no moral value. But we think Maqamat has historic and social value therewith literary value and Badi Al- Zaman has scrupled in topic choice as carefully as word and stylist choice. Because he smashes fences around literature which limited it to the specific topics, by choice beg as topic and burrowed in to the society and mass life. Thus in This article we try to peruse correlation between Maqamat and society to know we can increase our Linguistics teaching and more information about 4th century (Hijra) people by reading Maqamat.

This article aims to study the caste-class system in Indian Rig- Veda and Avesta, which were the social structure of the ancient Iran as well as India.Since the hymns of the Rig-Veda and Avesta remark three distinct classes, it is hard to imagine the early Aryans with no social classes when they migrated to Iran and India. The Rig-Veda calls these classes “Brahman” (priest), “Rajanya” (nobility), and “Vaisya” (Commoner or Farmer -Craftsman). Avesta labels them “Athravan (priest)”, “Rathaestar (Army)”, and “Vastrya (Commoner or Farmer-Craftsman). The Classification of Aryans reveals that the classes from Rig-Veda are very close to the Avestan’s social classes. This reveals that these two systems have a common origin. Hence it makes evident that the Aryans gradually migrated to India from Iran.

This article aims to compare classes system of caste in Rig- Vedic and Shah Namah which has made the two social structure in India and Iran societies. Although it is evident that the early Aryans who migrated into India were nomadic people, it is hard to presume that they had no social classes among themselves for the Ring- Vedic hymns certainly present glimpses of three Distinct classes, These Rig - Vedic classes i.e.Brahman (priest) Rajanya (nobility) and Vaisya (commoner) fonned the basis of the development of higher castes. Although we can see this three distinct in Shah Namah classes i.e. Kartoziyan (Priest), Neisriyan (Anny), Basody (Fanner) and Ahto khoshy (Craftsman) This Rig- Vedic classification fonn a very close parallel to the Shah Namah's Iranian social classes. thre is much justification to in for that both systems have had a common origin.It is almost evidently established that the Aryan migration into India was a gradual over flow from Iran. It is obvious that the Rig - Vedic social classes were originated outside India and were diffused into India with Aryans.

Bumblebees are valuable assets in terms of pollination services in wild plants and greenhouses. The most well-studied species of bumblebees is Bombus terrestris which is commercially reared and sold on a large scale worldwide. Even though the artificial rearing of bumblebees started in the 1950s, there are still some problems in the mass-rearing process of them. One of the main problems is the low rate of gyne production in the late phase of the colony, to start the new colonies. So, the main objective of this study was to increase the number of produced gynes in the B. terrestris colonies by changing the caste of the larva from worker to queen. For this purpose, we used pyriproxyfen which is a juvenile hormone analogue compound. The first and early second-stage larvae were treated with 1,3 and 6 ppm of pyriproxyfen and the onset time of emergence, number, weight, mating succession, and diapause survival of new gynes were recorded. The results showed that the 3 ppm treatment had the highest number of the produced gynes, and also the shortest onset time of emergence. There was no difference in mating succession and diapause survival among the treatments. Based on the experiment results, we concluded that using a 3 ppm concentration of pyriproxyfen compound on young larvae of B. terrestris can induce the juvenile hormone effect and increase the number of produced gynes in the colony. We suggest that pyriproxyfen as a juvenile hormone analogue, regarding the concentration, type, and time of application on the young larvae, can be used to increase the number of produced gynes in the bees’ colony.

Livelihood diversification is the key to a sustainable rural economy. The study aimed to assess livelihood diversity, determinants, and constraints among the scheduled caste families in Beraberia village of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, to plan a foolproof developmental program. Simple random sampling was followed to select a sample size of 108 from the study area. The Simpson livelihood index formula was used to assess the level of livelihood diversification, and the Tobit model was used to find the determinants of the livelihood diversity index. A preferential ranking technique was followed to analyze the constraints in livelihood diversification. The most common livelihood activity in the study area was agriculture, with an income contribution of 60.72%. Around 66% of the households had a medium to high livelihood diversity index. The Tobit regression model result showed that income, economic motivation, and access to credit were the significant determinants of livelihood diversification in the study area. At the same time, the family dependency ratio negatively influenced the Diversification index. Further, the constraint analysis in livelihood diversification revealed that lack of capital (Rank Based Quotient, RBQ 0.77) and livelihood assets (0.75) were significant impediments to livelihood diversification. The study suggests that government bodies must prioritize credit access and capacity building among Scheduled caste (SC) families in rural areas to create more profitable and sustainable livelihoods among the weaker sections of the society.

Insect caste development and their morphological divergence are not yet studied well, especially in ants. However, the role of developmental and genetic integration in evolution is contentious. In our study, we tried to reveal the quantitative genetics selection responses, phylogenetic signal, and evolutionary origin of weaver ant female castes (queen, major and minor). The widening and lengthening of the head region, as well as the welldeveloped mandibular process, are the major heritable characteristics found in the major worker ants. We hypothesized that these conserved and heritable characteristics may help the major worker ants for defense, foraging purposes and other nest-building function aspects. However, in the case of minor worker, small heads and the reduced mandibular process are the more heritable characteristics. Compared to worker ants, in queen, the highly heritable and conserved morphological character is well-developed thoracic regions and large-sized abdomen. It is interesting to note that there is no detectable phylogenetic signal across the female cast of the Asian weaver ants, which suggests that the caste development and morphological divergence are environmentally modulated not evolutionary conserved. From this study, we concluded that caste-specific morphological shape and size are highly conserved traits and these traits are modulated by their niche preferences.

In order to investigate the relationship between ideology and power, the present paper has studied the social discourse of caste in the story of "Anushirvan and the Shoemaker," drawing upon Michel Foucault’s views within the theoretical framework of new historicism. By analyzing the concept of the caste system in this story, the study aims to explore the hidden layers of the text, namely the relationship between ideology and power in Anushirvan’s time. It is also aimed to examine the role of Zoroastrian ideology in promoting and institutionalizing the caste system. To achieve this goal, the present study is organized around two main questions: 1. Is the content of discourse on caste in Anoushirvan’s era a function of the socio-political situation around it? 2. How is Anoushirvan's ideological views on power revealed in the text of Ferdowsi's story? This is an archival study, conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this study shows that the discourse on caste, with the aid of religion as an ideological institution, helps superiors like Anushirvan rule the society and persuades inferiors to accept the status quo. In this way, caste becomes a tool for those in power to generate ideology and suppress their "subjects."