categorization as a form of organization and placing different things, including phenomena, objects, events and the like in different groups, is a kind of cognitive function in human beings that occurs based on the common "taxonomy" of categories or the thematic "relationships" that occur between them. Research shows that Western and East Asian cognitive performance, especially that of the Chinese, is quite different in terms of categorization; Accordingly, Westerners classify things on the basis of "category" (taxonomic categorization) and East Asians do so on the basis of "relationships" (thematic categorization). The present study evaluated and analyzed their cognitive performance by performing two tests in the form of visual and verbal questionnaires on 50 Persian male and female speakers. The visual questionnaire showed that out of 50 Persian participants, 70% carried out the categorization based on "relationships"; the verbal questionnaire also confirmed the result of the former and showed that 76% of Persian speakers, during the process of categorization, have considered the "relationship" criterion and, in fact, have acted on the syntagmatic axis. On this basis, it can be concluded that, firstly, the cognitive function is not the same in all human beings, and secondly, the cognition of Persian speakers in the field of categorization operates on the syntagmatic axis, unlike Westerners who in fact "classify" and act on the paradigmatic axis...

Hippocratic treatises are early text of medicine, compiled by several scholars, collectively known as Hippocratic Corpus. For the first times in history, Hippocrates rejects the divine theory of disease and laid-down the foundation of scientific medicine. Diseases were described on natural causes. They proposed humoral theory of diseases. According to this theory, there are four humors in the body. Harmony among these humors constitutes a good health. Age, sex, season, diet and regime affect the production of humors and impart their effect on the condition of body. Various ways were adopted for categorization and classification of diseases, making medical studies easier. In these treatises, diseases were broadly categorized based on age, sex and population distribution. Nomenclature of disease was also based upon the name of diseased organ, dominating symptom, etiology and its resemblance with the thing and phenomenon in outer world. This study is focused on understanding Hippocratic classification and categorization of diseases.

Path delay fault models are introduced to diagnose failures that cause sequential circuits malfunction and violate timing specifications. For delay faults tests, a pair of test vectors is used for each path to be tested. Diagnosis of failure in asynchronous circuits is more important since the delay faults can change the function of the circuit. .However, asynchronous circuits and their faults are yet to be understood. The purpose of this study is to first identify whether the existing paths will accurately measure delays. Furthermore, a new definition for paths is introduced, which leads to a new category of path delay faults. This new category is different from previously proposed categories by suggesting simultaneous evaluation of pair vectors. Finally, the experimental results for SIS benchmark circuits are shown and the fault coverage is calculated for each circuit.