In the current research, the effect of silver (Ag) nanoparticles on the crystallinity of polyethylene was investigated. For this purpose, Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical reduction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mean particle size of Ag NPs was determined about 21.7 nm. The polyethylene-silver Nano composites (PESNs) containing different Ag contents (5, 10, 20 and 30 wt%) were fabricated by mechanical milling method. After the characterization of samples by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), effect of Ag nanoparticles on the crystallinity of polyethylene was investigated by Nara and Komiya method. Results show that the crystallinity of polyethylene increases from 63.64% to 77.67% as Ag NPs content increases from 0 to 30%.

Hydroxyapatite nanorods aligned with ultrahigh crystallinity and high-yield were successfully synthesized through a hydrothermal approach. In this experiment, a new composition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ((CH3 (CH2)15N+(CH3)3 Br) was designated as CTAP)/Ca (NO3)2/(NH4)2HPO4/NaOH and distilled water under hydrothermal condition, to synthesize single crystalHAp nanorods with diameter of 20±10 nm and length of 80±20 nm, was introduced. Crystal phases were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to investigate the morphology. The microstructure of the HAp products were further observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The purity and chemical composition of the as-synthesized powder was analyzed by FTIR and inductively coupled plasma atomic emissionspectroscopy (ICP).

In this work, the compatibility and crystallinity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) blends were studied. Various blends of LDPE/PB-1 containing 5, 10 and 20 wt. % PB-1 were prepared in a corotating twin-screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), shear oscillation rheology and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). A matrix-droplet morphology was observed in SEM images, indicating incompatibility of the two polymers in the solid state. Compared to neat LDPE, the relaxation spectra of the blends were broadened, and a slight increase in their relaxation times was observed. The relaxation time of the blends was enhanced by increasing PB-1 content, which was further proved by fitting rheological data in the Carreau-Yasuda model. Deviation of Cole-Cole diagrams from circular shape means that the blend samples were not miscible and the positive-deviation behavior of the complex viscosity and storage modulus from the mixing rule revealed the formation of strong interfacial interactions. The crystallinity of both LLDPE and PB-1 was decreased as a result of blending. The peaks attributed to the form II of PB-1 crystals were eliminated and the peaks related to LDPE were obviously weakened, suggesting to prevent crystallinity of polymers which is associated with a reduction in the total crystallinity percentage for the blend. The reduction of crystallinity was more pronounced in PB-1 phase.

Method of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been used for the physico-chemical characterization of polymers for more than two decades. In this method the polymeric stationary phase could be characterized by using probe molecules. The retention volume of probe is a measure of the polymer-probe interaction and show changes in the polymer structure at melting point or glass transition temperature. crystallinity of high-density polyethylenes (HDPE) of Poliran and Irapol from Iranian petrochemical companies was studied. The effects of the flow rates and the sample size on peak retention volume were investigated. Modified techniques for measurement of flow rate and coating were used. Retention diagram and degree of crystallinity were determined for a sample of low-density polyethylene and the results were compared with those obtained for HDPE. Experimental data of crystallinity and melting points showed that the Iranian HDPE is a polymer with suitable engineering properties.

In this research, was synthesized barium titanate nanoparticles performed by hydrothermal method with a high degree of crystallinity. Phase development, morphology of barium titanate powder particle and grain were investigation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of barium titanate phase with high crystallinity. Also, the images of SEM and TEM high crystallinity and also nanoparticles synthesized powders are well visible. The results showed which optimum temperature for the synthesis of barium titanate of precursors such as BaCl2.2H2O and TiO2 is 180oC up to 3 hours with 13.6 pH. The average grain size of barium titanate synthesized using Scherrer equation was calculated equal to 20 nm. Also, according to the results of TEM, the grain size was estimated in the range of 30-40 nm, with the value obtained by Scherrer equation is partly similar.

In a hydrothermal route devoted for synthesis of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (HA) nanostructures, morphology can be controlled by experimental condition to form magical HA or nanostructured nanoparticles. In an intermediate condition, a novel nanostructure namely rose-like bundle of HA rod-likes was found, which is different from known HA nanostructures. The chemical synthesis of nanopowders under hydrothermal process provides an opportunity to control the HA and is dependent on sonochemical process. Since the procedure is very simple, this method is of general interest, and can be used for similar syntheses. The phase purity of the as-prepared products was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy was applied to investigate the morphology. The microstructure of the HA products was further observed by transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the as-synthesized powder was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Interestingly, the approach proposed can be used for the preparation of different nanostructures of HA.