Liquidation of commercial companies is divided into three types: voluntary, forced and liquidation resulting from a court ruling. The relationship between liquidation and bankruptcy is public and private in general: every bankruptcy leads to liquidation, but not every liquidation necessarily leads to bankruptcy. Although the above-mentioned distinction is not specifically mentioned in the amendment bill of the trade law, but the above-mentioned distinction is carefully specified in articles such as 189, 199, 200, 201, 203. The above separation is the source of many works that make the necessity of separation inevitable. However, in the opinions of our judicial authorities, the difference between the conditions for the realization of these two things has been ignored, and the incorrect inference from the provisions of the law makes the ground for issuing an illegal vote. In this article, after mentioning the introduction and definitions, we will deal with the conditions and differences between the two, and then we will examine the effects of separation between them.

One of the most important new phenomena of human life in living and contractual affairs, considering the speed of the world of exchanges, is the electronic contracts from conclusion to dissolution. Therefore, after concluding any contract, even with electronic means, factors may cause the contract to be dissolved. Now the question arises whether the parties in the contract can dissolve the contract by electronic means and with the consent of the parties? The purpose of this study is to examine the nature and scope of dissolution in electronic contracts and its validity conditions as well as to analyze the effects and rulings of the dissolution. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptiveanalytical in terms of nature. The method of collecting information is in the form of libraries, and the use of articles and books. One of the research findings is that dissolution is also possible in cyberspace and with electronic devices. Therefore, considering the silence of the e-commerce law, it can be concluded that by referring to the civil law, in most cases, the effects and rulings of traditional dissolution can be generalized to virtual contracts. However, price fluctuations in the market of goods and services should not be ignored. It is recommended that in case of disagreement between the parties in the contract regarding the effects of electronic dissolution, it is necessary to establish branches for dealing with electronic contracts.

When two parties make a transaction for fulfilling their needs and providing the benefits of each other, this transaction will have some effects. Then, if they found that they don’t reach their intended objective and regret it and request for dissolution of transaction, they reach an agreement to cancel the transaction (dissolution of contract) and its effects will be also vanished.Here, it has been tried to investigate about conceivable issues on meaning of "cancellation of contract" and its nature or about the fact that "is it cancelable" or new transaction and the conditions for authenticity of cancellation and its issues in law and jurisprudence and express the application of "cancellation of contract" in different contracts and covenants and finally the effects of "cancellation of contract" and its subsequences.

The solubility, bioavailability and dissolution rate of drugs are important parameters for achieving in vivo efficiency. The bioavailability of orally administered drugs depends on their ability to be absorbed via gastrointestinal tract. For drugs belonging to Class II of pharmaceutical classification, the absorption process is limited by drug dissolution rate in gastrointestinal media. Therefore, enhancement of the dissolution rate of these drugs will present improved bioavailability. So far several techniques such as physical and chemical modifications, changing in crystal habits, solid dispersion, complexation, solubilization and liquisolid method have been used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. It seems that improvement of the solubility properties ofpoorly water soluble drugscan translate to an increase in their bioavailability. Nowadays nanotechnology offers various approaches in the area of dissolution enhancement of low aqueous soluble drugs. Nanosizing of drugs in the form of nanoparticles, nanocrystals or nanosuspensions not requiring expensive facilities and equipment or complicated processes may be applied as simple methods to increase the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. In this article, we attempted to review the effects of nanosizing on improving the dissolution rate of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. According to the reviewed literature, by reduction of drug particle size into nanometer size the total effective surface area is increased and thereby dissolution rate would be enhanced. Additionally, reduction of particle size leads to reduction of the diffusion layer thickness surrounding the drug particles resulting in the increment of the concentration gradient. Each of these process leads to improved bioavailability.

In this work, the effects of temperature, acid concentration, and mechanical activation on dissolution of ilmenite were studied using the statistical design of experiment technique. Mechanical activation was carried out using a planetary ball mill in dry mode, and the resulting structural changes were characterized by the particle size analysis, specific surface area measurements, and X-ray diffraction method. The results obtained indicated that intensive milling led to a significant decrease in the ilmenite particle size and that after 20 minutes, particles tended to agglomerate. However, after 90 minutes, the BET specific surface area increased to 9. 36 m2/g. In addition to surface changes, mechanical activation led to intense changes and disorders in the crystal structure of ilmenite as amorphization degree increased to 94. 30% and the volume weighted crystallite size and lattice strain changed from 346 nm and 0. 13% to 14 nm and 1. 44%, respectively. The results of the dissolution tests in the form of experimental design indicated that a suitable model could fit the experimental data in 95% confidence level. The coefficient factors for acid concentration, mechanical activation, and temperature were 3. 75%, 33. 04%, and 9%, respectively. Mechanical activation had the highest effect on titanium extraction in comparison to the other factors involved. Also in addition to its dominant effect on ilmenite dissolution, it also weakened the temperature effect. However, the results of the kinetic tests proved that mechanical activation led to promotion of the temperature effect on increasing the dissolution reaction rate in the initial stages. Finally, a dissolution yield of more than 98% was achieved through 90 minutes of activation at 95° C and 55 wt. % acid concentration.

Super alloys are basically used in high temperature industrial applications due to their resistance to aggressive environments and longer durability than other conventional alloys. In this research, the dissolution behavior of primary gamma prime precipitates has been analyzed under various solution heat treatments via making changes in the time and temperature of the Standard Heat Treatment (SHT) and subjecting the specimens to external compressive stress. The microstructures were examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and afterwards the diameters and the numbers of g′ precipitates were measured. It could be seen from the SEM photos that the cubic precipitates has been agglomerated and their corners got rounded in order to make a spherical shape. The results showed that the best dissolution could be achieved by T>1200oc and t>2.5h. Additionally the system reached to equilibrium after 2.5 hours in any temperature hence by spending more time no changes in either morphology or the volume fraction could be observed. Although the small applied compressive stress has had a little effect on the process, it has helped the precipitates in agglomerating. On the contrary exposing the specimens to great compression has led to a continuous and uniform dissolution.

Purpose: To enhance the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug atorvastatin calcium (ATC) by cocrystallization with selected coformers. Enhancement of the dissolution rate and solubility of the drug, which is classified as Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), is expected to enhance the bioavailability. Methods: Two methods were used for preparing the cocrystals, solvent drop grinding (SDG) and solvent evaporation (SE) method using 1: 1, 1: 3, and 1: 10 drug-coformer molar ratios. Glucosamine hydrochloride (GluN) and nicotinamide (NIC) were investigated as coformers. The cocrystals, their physical mixtures, and the raw ATC were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR spectroscopy), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), mass spectroscopy (MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), solubility, and dissolution rate studies. Results: SDG and SE were effective in improving the dissolution rate of ATC with both coformers. Drug: coformer ratio 1: 3 was optimum. The solubility values for ATC, GluN-, and NIC-cocrystals were 26, to 35 and 50 μ g/mL, respectively. The dissolution rate of ATC from cocrystals was > 90% after 5 minutes, compared to 41% untreated ATC. Conclusion: Cocrystallization significantly improved the solubility and dissolution, in comparison to the untreated ATC.

after the Ottoman Sultan Selim I`s the conquest of Egypt, Islamic Caliphate was transferred from Egypt to Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century. Sincethen, Ottoman Sultans were both sultans and caliphs till their overthrow in 1922. Ottoman government lost some of its political power in theeighteenth century after its continuous losses to the European governments; and Ottoman religious power and situation declined in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Nationalists opposed the Ottoman government after the occupation of Ottoman at the end of world war I and during independence war. Inability of the government to stand against the occupiers alongside with the contribution of the sultan, who was considered as the Islamic caliph, to the allies had a grave damage on the political and religious status of the Sultan. Having used this opportunity in 1922, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk overruled the monarchy by legislating a law and then he overruled the caliphate after passing a law in the Turkish parliament, having the last caliph leave the country. In addition to political factors which brought about the decline of the Ottoman caliph there were other factors which were effective in Sultans religious status decline. Ataturk established a laicsystem and this new system stood against the religious-based Ottoman government. Therefore, collision of both systems brought about the dissolution of caliphate.