There has been presented a vast variety of theories upon the clarification of the Nature and Concept of the Condition, to which the acceptance of each has a direct effect on Ordinances as well as the Effects of the Condition. As one of the most prominent Works, there has been a Theory built by Seyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabaei Yazdi and introduced as "The making & fixity". The purpose of this article is focused on the explanation and expansion of this Theory, the differences, criticisms and works that are accepted in terms of the Jurisprudence and Law. Finally, it is clear the Nature of Condition merely implies the making and Dictum the individuals tend to make to counterfeit them and the Religious Justifications certify their Validity. The aforementioned making takes on a different forms and in accordance with it the rights of the Person in whose favor a Condition is made against the Person who is responsible to perform a Condition are executed on the basis of the correct conditions and the status of the independent transaction over the corrupt condition

This study sought to investigate the influence of chemical additives (AM-P-AA) on the engineering properties of sand dunes, which was polymerized by free radicals in presence of MBA[1] and APS[2], respectively, as a crosslinker and an initiator. Finally, 1 litter per 0. 3 m2 of this polymer composite was sprayed at the sample metal trays on 0. 5%, 1%, and 2% levels and cured for 30 days to investigate their effects on soil properties. The study was conducted through a completely randomized design with three replications. First, the structure and composition of the stabilizers were determined using Fe-SEM, FTIR, XRD, and swelling capacity. Then, the effect of polymers on the anti-wind erosion ability was examined via a wind tunnel test, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, and crust diameter. The stabilization mechanism refers to a process whereby the sand particles and the polymer are thoroughly bounded to each other. On the other hand, the improvement of sand properties depended on the stabilizer’s concentration, and the best concentration was found to be 2% (T3), with the sand showing, after 30 days, its highest resistance to any extraneous influence, abrasion, and pressure compared to other treatments. Meanwhile, in a threshold friction velocity experiment performed through a wind tunnel, all samples exhibited resistance to the maximum wind generated (15m/s). Thus, a polymer solution with 2% concentration is highly recommended to effectively stabilize sand dunes.

fixity of column base connection plays a major role in overall behavior of steel structures. Several parameters influence the real behavior of the column base connections, among them base plate thickness, anchor bolts and stiffeners details can be mentioned. A nonlinear three dimensional finite element method has been utilized for numerical studying of the behavior of the column base connection. Thickness of the base plate and stiffeners and also sizes and numbers of the anchor bolts were changed in a number of models to determine their effects on the nonlinear behavior of the regular column base connection. It was observed that column base connection characteristics such as its moment-rotation behavior, yielding pattern of base plate and anchor bolts and local stress concentration of the connection elements can be significantly affected by changing any detail of the connecting elements. The effects of each parameter on the behavior of column base connection were categorized and presented in this paper.

The nonlinear response of a ten story steel structure with semi-rigid girder connections is studied under conditions of dynamic loading. The dynamic loading used in this study is the north-south component of the may 18, 1940 El Centro, California earthquake. To deal with the complexity of the problem the structure is idealized by a series of equivalent masses, lumped at the floor levels and restrained by weightless members. The physical model used to represent individual members consists of a flexible central beam with springs attached at both ends. All connections have the capability of exhibiting bilinear hysteresis curves.The analysis is accomplished within the general purpose computer program SAP 2000 V 10. Semi-rigid girder connections affect the properties of a structure in three ways: (a) by altering the relative girder to column stiffness, (b) by changing the strength or yield deformation characteristics, and (c) by decreasing the stiffness of the structure. The effects that these variables have on structural response are determined. The ground motion characteristics, intensity, and duration are also investigated.

Attempts have been made to study two presuppositions dominating any scientific research as the most radical points in interaction between religion and science and support of religion for modern science, i. e. the possibility of cognition and rationality of considering the world as a lawful and orderly entity and that man’s cognitive senses are reliable and he can achieve cognition of the world. Also it will be demonstrated that during the course of development of science, Abrahamic religions have been able to explain these two presuppositions in theory and practice and establish them in the unconsciousness of scientists and scholars. Moreover, it will be demonstrated that metaphysical naturism is unable to give an appropriate explanation of these two presuppositions.

Braced frames are popular a type of steel frames in Iran. In these structures different kind of braced are used to resist lateral loads and all connections are considered as fix-type connections. In practice great care is taken, but it is not possible to construct fully fix-type connections and they are partially fixed, however, to be on the safe side this fixity is neglected.In this research, experimental behavior of the braced frame connection with scale of 0.5 under cyclic load has been investigated. This study has been performed under the same loading condition using three tests: 1- bare frame made of beam and columns; 2- frame with gusset plates; 3- x-braced frame (braced made of two U sections). Results show that connection in these type of frames, although neglected in calculations, have some fixity and with use of gusset plates this fixity becomes much more.

Philosophy is based on certain knowledge, and Fārābī, as the founder of Islamic philosophy, paid particular attention to “certainty”. On the one hand, the definitions and conditions that he provided for certainty are so fastidious and restrictive that many items of human knowledge and even sense perceptions are placed out of the domain of certainty. On the other hand, he has referred to some different types of certainty in some of his works that seem to be incompatible with his definition of certainty and its conditions of realization, as explained by him. Following a descriptive and critical-analytic method, this paper is intended to inquire into the relationship between the typology of certainty, its definition, and its conditions in Fārābī’s philosophy in order to remove the contradictions regarding the problem of certainty in his school of thought. In line with this purpose, the authors have initially examined the definitions and conditions of certainty in Fārābī’s perspective and then analyzed the types of certainty, as specified by him, and its relationship with the definitions and conditions that he provided. The findings of this study demonstrate that his realistic view of certainty led him to accept a kind of general gradation in different types of certainty, alongside his rigid definition of absolute certainty, in order to introduce a way for saving a great part of human knowledge from the trap of skepticism.

In this paper, the behavior of laterally loaded monopiles was investigated considering soil and structure interaction, and using numerical modeling. The numerical model was, at first, verified using large scale experimental test results and some analytical methods. Then, some sensitivity analyses were performed and the effects of parameters, such as free to embedded length ratio of the mono-pile, diameter of the pile, soil strength and etc., were investigated. Finally, the response of the laterally loaded mono-pile and soil system was compared with an end fixed column to find an equilibrium length for the column to have the best t response with the mono-pile and soil system. The verification analysis of numerical modeling showed good compatibility with the large scale tests results and analytical methods. Also, the sensitivity results showed that increasing the free to embedded length ratio and diameter of the mono-pile and reducing soil strength result in the rigid behavior of the mono-pile. Increasing the soil strength, pile diameter and embedded length of the mono-pile increases the mono-pile lateral bearing capacity. However, there is an embedded length, as critical depth, subsequent to which, the mono-pile lateral bearing capacity becomes constant. Comparing the load- displacement response of the mono-pile and soil system with an end fixed column showed that it is possible to replace the mono-pile and soil with a column having an equiblibrium length as its initial length plus a pert embedded length (called depth of fixity). The amount of depth of fixity is suggested to be 6 to 10 times the pile diameter, without considering soil and pile conditions. The depth of fixity depends on the free length and diameter of the monopile and soil strength, so that, increasing the free length of the mono-pile results in an increase in the depth of fixity in dense sand soil. However, there is not a specific trend in the loose sand soil.

Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe are counted as two prominent contemporary political thinkers and philosophers. In recent years, they have tried to use previous philosophers’ rich legacies to theorize about discourse and to prepare a theoretical framework for analyzing it. So, they are two pioneers in theorizing about discourse. This essay investigates de Saussurian- Lacanian concepts in their analysis of discourse. Laclau and Mouffe have insisted on the partial fixation of meaning. They have paid attention to de Saussure’s principle of ‘value’ and developed their specific way of conceptualizing. They have also borrowed the concept of ‘point de capiton’ from Lacanian psychoanalysis and called it the ‘nodal point’. According to these theoretical backgrounds, they believe that neither absolute fixity nor absolute non-fixity of meaning is possible.

Nanocomposites based on thermoplastic polyurethane/polyvinyl chloride/multi-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared by a solution method and their shape memory properties were studied. The blend ratios were 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (w/w) of thermoplastic elastomer polyurethane/polyvinyl chloride. To improve the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, at 0. 5% and 1% (wt), in polymer matrices, three-step chemical modifications were performed, including oxidation, chlorination and grafting of poly (ɛ,-caprolactone) diol. The occurrence of surface modifications in MWCNTs was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques. SEM micrographs revealed a good dispersion of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix due to better matrix-filler interactions compared to filler–, filler interactions. The results showed that the main indices of shape memory behavior (shape fixity and shape recovery) of nanocomposite samples were affected by the polymer blend ratio, nanoparticle concentration and surface modification. Increasing the content of polyvinyl chloride led to reduced shape fixity and shape recovery, which was attributed to the lack of rigid structural nature of polyvinyl chloride. The presence of nanoparticles contributed to enhanced shape fixity and weaker shape recovery. This can be explained by lower polymer chain mobility in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The reduction in chain mobility in nanocomposites reinforced by surface-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes was more significant due to higher distribution efficiency of nano-scale fillers in the polymer matrix.