Introduction: Information poverty indicates a situation in which groups and individuals do not have adequate and equal access to quantitative and qualitative information or the ability to use it. The purpose of this article is to develop and validate the information poverty assessment scale in Ahvaz.Methodology: The present research is an applied study and has been done by "exploratory mixed" method. First, in the qualitative section, the components of information poverty were collected by reviewing the texts and using the opinions and views of experts by Delphi method. Factor analysis was used in the quantitative section to validate the scale. The present study population was all people in 15 years old and above in Ahvaz.Findings: The results of the factor analysis confirmed 31 items, which were categorized using exploratory factor analysis in 5 factors: media information literacy, Internet access, book access, cultural behavior, and information access skills.Conclusion: An examination of the various definitions of the various dimensions of information poverty has shown that this phenomenon categorized into four basic dimensions, each of which can have its own subsets. Thus, it seems poor access (to books and internet), digital skills, behavioral factors and media and information literacy can form a situation that leads to information poverty. In the present study, the existence of the same dimensions in explaining information poverty was confirmed and the components of access (to books and Internet), access skills, use (including information-media literacy) and behavioral factors were confirmed. The study of this phenomenon confirmed 31 items that used to measure this phenomenon. Thus, the scale created showed that information poverty related to information-related infrastructure, increasing the number of libraries and their resources, strengthening Internet access, and teaching information literacy.

The response of five inbred sunflower seedling lines, including AC 4122, C, HA 89, HA 410, HA 411, to inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum culture filtrate containing endogenous oxalic acid was compared with the exogenous application of synthetic oxalic acid. The reaction of seedlings was evaluated in terms of dry and fresh plant weights and the total chlorophyll concentration relative to untreated controls. The expression of shikimate dehydrogenase in cotyledons was also assessed five days after treatment. The results indicated that exogenous oxalic acid inoculation caused more deleterious effects on stem rot, eliciting photosynthesis reduction and different isoenzyme patterns of shikimate dehydrogenase. A positive correlation was found between increased oxalic acid and shikimate dehydrogenase activity in both treatments. However, the excessive toxicity of the exogenously administrated acid suggests that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection triggers a more complex metabolic pathway involving oxalic acid secreted by the pathogen. These observations preclude the possibility of using the synthetic acid administration as a method of screening sunflower genotypes for resistance to Sclerotinia. In addition to these findings, the reactivation of shikimate dehydrogenase was observed in both treatments. In contrast to synthetic administration, expression during the first phase of growth may serve as a tool for rapid screening and selection of sunflower genotypes resistant to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

In this study, 223 isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of cabbage head rot, were collected from different fields in Urmia. Identification of mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were done on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture media amended with McCormick's red food coloring. A total of 36 MCGs were identified. 23 MCGs (63.88%) consisted of one isolate each and the others more than one isolate. Aggressiveness of the isolates was done on detached cabbage leaves in laboratory conditions and lesion development were determined on treated leaves. All the tested isolates were pathogenic on cabbage leaves and developed disease symptoms, but the aggressiveness was varied greatly among the isolates. There was not any correlation between aggressiveness of the isolates, MCGs and isolation location. Isolates obtained from one field grouped in different MCGs, and there was difference in aggressiveness of isolates within and among MCGs. Results of this study showed that there was high level of mycelial incompatibility among the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates obtaind from cabbage fields in Urmia. The high level of mycelial incomtibility indicates the genetic heterogenity in this fungus and should be noted in management strategies especially using resistant cultivars.

Genetic structure and pathogenic diversity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of canola white stem rot, were assessed through Mycalial Compatibility Groupings (MCGs), a comparison and comparing of isolate virulence. Fifty-seven isolates from three different regions in Golestan Province were selected for mycelial compatibility and as well for virulence tests. Within the 57 tested isolates, 35 MCGs were identified, 42.86% of which being constituted of single isolate specimens, were all collected from Ali Abad region. The observed MCGs differed within the three regions. From among the 35 MCGs, 25.71%, 28.57% and 45.72% belonged to Kalaleh, Hashem Abad and Ali Abad, respectively. In Kalaleh, nine MCGs were identified all of which fell into two isolates. Ten MCGs were identified within the Hashem Abad region, eight of which represented two isolates and the remaining were constituted from three isolates. Sixteen MCGs were detected in Ali Abad for which, except one MCG which was constituted of two isolates, the rest belonged to one isolate. Moreover, no MCG was identified as common among these regions. Shannon diversity index (Ho) of MCGs for the whole regions found to be was 0.86 (Htot). Partition of total diversity (Htot) showed that 95.45% corresponded to a variation in diversity within S. sclerotiorum populations. Variation in isolate virulence was tested using a petiole inoculation technique under greenhouse conditions. Isolate virulence varied within the three regions. Moreover, in most cases the differences in virulence of isolates within MCGs were significant. The data indicated that populations of S. sclerotiorum obtained from the studied regions were composed of a heterogeneous mix of MCGs, therefore the population structure of this pathogen as well as variations in virulence of isolates must be considered in disease management systems in these regions.

Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most important diseases of canola in Iran and other countries. It is more distributed in north part of Iran (Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces). The reactions of four spring and two winter types of canola cultivars Sarigol, Hayola, Quantum and RGS003 (spring type)and Okapi and Talaieh (winter type) to three isolates of S.sclerotiorum, SS1Go (isolated from RGS003, Araghi Mahalleh Research Station, Golestan Province), SS2Sari (isolated from Hayola, Gharakil Research Station, Mazandaran Province) and SS3Cal (isolated from Hayola, Calale, Golestan Province), were evaluated in greenhouse conditions. Two experiment, were carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications by either wounding or non-wounding inoculation methods. Each experiment was repeated three times. Reactions were recorded as the length of the lesions five days after inoculation. Analysis of variance was applied using a factorial design for each type of inoculation separately. There were significant (P<0.01) differences in resistance to sclerotinia stem rot among cultivars. Isolates were different in virulence and SS1Go was more virulent than the other two isolates. Winter type cultivars Okapi and Talaieh, showed more tolerance to disease, and among spring type cultivars, Sarigol was more susceptible. Wounding inoculation time was effective on lesion development and disease improvement.

One of the main challenges in the development of electric vehicles is their long charge time. Therefore, shortening the charge time of a lithium-ion battery (lib) is a critical issue in this field. The charging process of the lib is carried out by a constant current-constant voltage charger. The fast charge may affect the performance of lib and accelerate its degradation. Herein a model is presented which can predict the charge time of lib accurately in different C-rates so that the coefficient of determination is more than 0. 99 in the modeling of five various libs. This indicates very good conformity between the experimental results and predictions of the proposed model. Since the constant voltage step in the charging process of the lib continues as long as the current reduces to a certain value, if the current of this step is not detected correctly, an overcharge will occur. In the case of a perturbation in the lib system, the current may not drop with a logical procedure, which can lead to an overcharge and capacity loss of lib. Therefore, it is possible to limit the charge time in both constant current and constant voltage steps by accurate estimation of lib charge time. This method can prevent further deterioration of lib during fast charging.