Background: Since the treatment of meconium ileus is very different from other types of intestinal obstruction, it is very important to distinguish these two entities. The aim of this study was to assess sonographic findings to differentiate meconium ileus from other types of obstruction. Methods: This study was performed in Dr. Sheikh and Akbar hospitals, Mashhad Medical University of Science, Iran, during 2017-2018. The imaging signs of 25 newborns (aged 2-8 days) with delayed passage of meconium were documented. These neonates were suspicious of low type intestinal obstruction. In cases with the simple form of meconium ileus and the small left colon syndrome, ultrasonic guided Gastrografin enema was performed for the treatment. In the patients with the failure of medical treatment and in other surgical cases, the appropriate surgical procedure was performed. Results: The subjects in this study were diagnosed with small bowel atresia (n=9), a simple form of meconium ileus (n=6), a complicated form of meconium ileus (n=3), small left colon syndrome (n=3), bowel atresia and duplication (n=1), and Hirschsprung’ s disease (n=3). The ultrasound findings were as follows: a totally or partially micro-colon in almost all patients, collapsed small bowel in right lower quadrant in all of the patients with bowel atresia, hypoechoic meconium in rectosigmoid in small left colon syndrome and Hirschsprung’ s disease, hypoechoic tubular or beaded intraluminal inspissated meconium within terminal ileum, and the floating air bubbles (sonographic soap bubble sign) within fluids on proximal dilated loops in meconium ileus cases. Conclusion: Although plain abdominal radiography confirmed bowel obstructions in all patients with delayed passage of meconium, it had a low level of specificity in the diagnosis and cause of obstruction. Abdominal ultrasound had a high level of accuracy in the correct diagnosis of meconium obstructions and its differentiation from other intestinal obstructions. Accordingly, it eliminates the need to do a diagnostic contrast enema in order to differentiate these entities.

Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) underlies 1-5% of male infertility, although the diagnosis of EDO can be complex, treatment is well established and can be very effective.Part of reason that this condition probably is underdiagnosed, is because of its rarity, subtle presentation and the concomitantly low index of suspicion held by physicians.The causes of EDO are divided into congenital and acquired disorders. Clinically, EDO classically presents as hematospermia, painful ejaculation, or infertility.In the past decade, trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) has replaced vasography as the main stay of diagnosis. Several adjunctive techniques now have been described for diagnosis of EDO, including seminal vesicle aspiration, seminal vesiculography, vesicle chromotubation.The time- tested treatment for EDO is resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TUR-ED), which is performed in an outpatient setting, and the technique combines cystourethroscopy with resection of the verumontanum in the midline.Complications from TUR-ED occur in 10-20% of the cases, and include watery ejaculate, hematuria, epididimitis, seminal vasculitis and low risk of incontinence or rectal perforation.

Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction is a common disease that leads to tearing and mucoid discharge. Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction occurs in about 20% of children under one year of age. Most of these cases improve spontaneously, but sometimes the obstruction persists. Spontaneous improvement in the first year is high. Treatments include conservative therapy, probing and irrigation, inferior turbinate fracture, balloon dacryocystoplasty, endoscopic, or external dacryocystorhinostomy. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal obstruction.

Background: Intestinal obstructions are the most common surgical emergencies in the neonatal period. Neonatal intestinal obstruction occurring during the first month of life. Early and accurate diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is important for proper patient management. This presentation is a brief review of studies in Pubmed and Google scholar. For evaluation and diagnosis, intestinal obstruction in neonates can be divided into either high or low obstruction on the basis of dilated bowel loops present on abdominal radiographs. A few dilated bowel loops are seen with high intestinal obstruction and several bowel loops are generally seen with low intestinal obstruction. High intestinal obstructions are defined as occurring proximal to the ileum with differential diagnosis and radiographic appearance as below: 1) Gastric atresia: in microgastria a distended esophagus and a small midline stomach and In gastric atresia single bubble sign" with no distal gas. 2) Duodenal atresia: double bubble sign 3) Malrotation with Ladd bands and midgut volvulus can be partial or complete obstruction: the abdominal radiograph in malrotation is nonspecific. It may be normal or may show a proximal bowel obstruction pattern, or show dilatation of multiple bowel loops. 4) Duodenal web partial obstruction with small amount of distal bowel gas. 5) Annular pancreas. 6) Preduodenal portal vein. 7) Jejunal atresia: triplebubble sign with no gas in the distal bowel. Dilatation of the duodenum is a sign of chronic obstruction, therefore seen in duodenal atresia, duodenal web and annular pancreas. When obstruction occurs acutely after birth in midgut volvulus, the duodenum is not usually dilated on plain film. In complete obstruction in the high jejunum, no further roentgenographic studies are required, however, in partial obstruction (small amount of distal gas) upper GI study may be helpful to distinguish between duodenal web and malrotation with Ladd bands or midgut volvulus. The classic upper gastrointestinal appearance of malrotation with volvulus consists of an abnormal course of the duodenum that fails to cross the midline combined with a corkscrew appearance. In contrast, low intestinal obstructions involve the distal ileum or colon and typically result in diffuse dilatation of multiple small-bowel loops. If distal small bowel obstruction is suggested, a contrast enema usually is necessary. It is not possible to differentiate distal small bowel from colonic obstruction on the basis of plain abdominal roentgenograms, and consequently, contrast enema is necessary to clarify microcolon in ileal atresia and meconium ileus and differentioation from other pathology as below: 1) Meconium ileus: unused colon (i. e., microcolon), within which are multiple small filling defects representing meconium concretions. If there is reflux of contrast material beyond the ileocecal valve, multiple small filling defects (meconium concretions) also may be seen in the terminal ileum. 2) Ileal atresia: Microcolon and blind ending ileum on contrast enema. 3) Meconium plug and small left colon syndrome: multiple filling defects (i. e., meconium plugs) is seen in splenic flexure with left sided microcolon and with normal rectum. 4) Hirschsprung disease: abnormal rectosigmoid ratio (< 1), transition zone of rectal narrowing, irregular rectal contraction and retained contrast material on delayed radiographs, 5) Colonic atresia: contrast enema study typically shows a distal unused colon (i. e., microcolon), with the more proximal markedly dilated colon ending in a blind pouch. 6) Anorectal malformation. In any of these cases, if intestinal perforation occurs meconium peritonitis can result and peritoneal calcifications can be seen on plain films. Conclusions: Intestinal obstructions are the most common surgical emergencies in newborn infants which require early and accurate diagnosis. An understanding of the characteristic imaging appearance of various causes of neonatal bowel obstruction on abdominal X-ray can lead to correct diagnosis or leading a guide to the next appropriate step. After abdominal X-ray that shows the presence of a neonatal high intestinal obstruction, an upper gastrointestinal series is typically performed for further evaluation. However, neonates with classic radiographic findings of high intestinal obstruction, such as duodenal atresia, may undergo surgery without any additional imaging study. An enema examination is used for further investigation of low intestinal obstruction in neonates.

Background and Aim: Intestinal obstruction is one of the important diseases in children that need to be diagnosed and treated appropriately to prevent complications. The present study was conducted to identify the most common causes of intestinal obstruction, age and sex prevalence, complications and associated anomalies in Iranian children.Materials and Methods: One hundred children aged under 12 years old with manifestation such as vomiting; abdominal pain, no fecal and gas passage and abdominal distention indicative of intestinal obstruction were studied. Different etiologies of obstruction were documented by of radiologic procedures or during surgery. Sixty and three patients were less than 1 month, 27 between 1-12 months and 10 had 1-12 years. Most of the patients (73) were male. Results: The most common causes were Hirschprung disease, invagination and imperforated anus with relatively equal prevalence. The most common age of hirschprung disease and imperforated anus was in neonatal period. Imagination was more prevalent during infancy. Intestinal perforation occured in 6 patients, mostly in small bowel atresia obstruction.Hirschprung disease and imperforated anus were most common causes of mortality. Associated anomalies were cardiovascular, urologic, genital and gastrointestinal abnormalities, especially in imperforated anus and hirschprung disease.Conclusion: The results of this study are largely confirming the findings of previous similar studies in other countries.

Women"s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities of appointees. According to management theories, there are many factors behind the issue. This article aims to answer the question of:" With the improvements in women"s education and social participations in recent years, why women do not have access to managerial positions in the government?" Factors of organization"s culture, male managers" attitude toward women and their managerial skills have been studied. The findings provide evidences on negative attitudes of male decision-makers about women"s abilities for management. Also, organizational culture does not favor the presence of women at the management level. In addition, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in their cognitive skills.

INTRODUCTION: In acute small bowel obstruction, internal hernias have an incidence of 1. 9-3%. (1) Most often, the clinical features are nonspecific and hence the diagnosis can be delayed causing increased morbidity and the risk of gangrene requiring resection. . . .