As a rule, physicians’ reputation significantly influences public confidence in the medical profession. Unfortunately, the societal perception of physicians in contemporary Iran appears to be negatively impacted. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze and elucidate the fundamental causes of this phenomenon.This qualitative study employed content analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted in 2022. The study population consisted of 6 physicians, 6 nurses and 12 patients in the the affiliated hospitals in Kerman University of Medical Sciences selected through purposive sampling. Extraction of the main themes followed the Graneheim and Lundman approach, and data management was facilitated through MAXQDA 20. The study identified five themes encapsulating the causes for damage to physicians’ reputation: physicians' relationship with patients, physicians' relationship with the community, physicians' relationship with the medical profession, challenges within medical practice, and challenges related to medical education. Within these themes, a total of 38 subthemes emerged.The primary drivers that seem to damage physicians’ reputation include: non-effective communication, negative public attitudes toward certain physicians and medical centers due to malpractice, illegitimate relationships of physicians, gaps in physicians’ skills, insufficient education, and ethical lapses.It was concluded that several infrastructural elements negatively impact physicians' reputation. Consequently, it is recommended to monitor the professional behaviors, practices and relationships of physicians, while scrutinizing the medical education system.

Studying the history of science in ancient civilizations can help to shed light on the mysteries of the history of science as well as the contribution of nations to the growth of science in the world throughout the history. Among various branches of science, medicine is of particular importance and owing to the crucial role of physicians in this discipline; the present study has taken the role of physicians in ancient Persia (since the dawn of history to 637 AD) into account. To meet this end, the study has worked on the manuscripts remained from different historical era (Iranian and Non-Iranian) as well as the findings of the more recent research conducted on the history of Persian medicine. In the end, a sketch of the status of physicians in ancient Persia are presented: 1- Medicine in ancient Persian languages, 2- The status of medicine in ancient Persia, 3- Different kinds of physicians, 4- Persian physicians, 5- Non-Persian physicians in ancient Persia, and 6- Common medical rules and laws. The findings of the study depict the advanced medical system present in ancient Persia. It is also found that the high scientific and economic status of physicians and scientists in ancient Persia encouraged numerous non-Persian physicians to immigrate to Persia.

When studying some books of traditional medicine, including "Al-Hawi" by Rhazes, "Al-Qanun" (the Canon of Medicine) by Avicenna, "al-Jame’" by Ibn al-Baytar, and "Al-Seiedene" by Al-Biruni, we encounter the words “Khuz” and “Khuzi” in different phrases and with various structures. Different expressions such as “Khuz said” or “Khuzi said”, or “most Khuz believe that...”, “Khuz agreed that ...” indicate that there was an individual, group, or a particular school, whose particular viewpoints were provided in the field of medicine and pharmacology.From the available evidence, it is concluded that Khuzian were physicians from Jondishapur, who were dealing with scientific and research activities along with others in the field of medicine and pharmacology and had an independent school of medicine. They proposed their personal or group viewpoints in medical textbooks. Some of their books are “Kannash al-Khuz,” “Jame’ al-Khuz,” and “Shusemahi lel-Khuz”, which were cited in ancient medical textbooks.Based on the evidence, we are aiming to introduce Khuzian and their valuable position in the field of medicine in Jondishapur.

Background: Several studies have suggested that knowledge, attitudes and determinants concerning organ donation are influenced by many factors including gender, educational level, occupation, sociodemographic status, income level, culture and religion.Objective: To highlight the awareness of cardiopulmonary and brain death (CD and BD) among the physicians and their belief about the organ donation.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 15% of 1700 physicians working under the auspices of Ministry of Health in Makkah region, were selected randomly from two hospitals of Makkah city, i.e., Alnoor Specialist Hospital and King Abdalaziz Hospital. A self-administered questionnaire with dichotomous answers was distributed to them.Results: Out of 185 respondents, 174 (94.1%) identified the right definition of BD and CD and 155 (83.3%) agreed organ donation. The difference among physicians to differentiate CD from BD was not significant (p=0.2).Conclusion: physicians had enough knowledge to differentiate CD from BD; most of them are highly positive regarding the concept of organ donation.

Objective(s): This study aimed to assess the extent to which family physicians are satisfied with ‘Rural Insurance’ in Hamedan province in Iran.Methods: A triangulation approach was applied to collect data., quali-quanti and cross-sectional study, in which were used interview and questionnaire techniques. The performance of rural insurance program and and physicians' satisfactions was assessed.Results: physicians' satisfaction was lower than acceptable level. They indicated several reasons that contributed to their dissatifaction including issues related to referral process, limitations for precription, difficulties in using health records for patients, and intersectoral problems.Conclusion: The study findings showed that physicians' were unhappy with rural insurance program. Indeed this not only might damage the program, but also may cause problems for pbulic’s health. Therefore, it is essential to find and reduce the causes of dissatisfaction, prior to expanding the program.

The modern and international approach toward health promotion is the result of historical need for fundamental changes in strategies of attaining complete health and it has been developed for the purpose of securing, maintaining, and promoting health.In early approaches toward general health, the problem of infectious diseases kept the authorities responsible for health busy and in this direction the authorities resorted to the means to strengthen the populations, resistance to deal with the health problems. The physicians also paid less attention to the factors influencing the health and well being of people and frequently attempted to treat their patients. But, later other problems and health needs they faced that were due to the conditions that people faced following the industrialization era. Problems such as psychological disease, all kinds of cancers, accidents, cardiovascular disease, addiction to narcotic and other substances such as alcohol... were not treatable by increasing the resistance and prescription and therefore, the need for new strategies were felt. The new movement for health promotion was a response to this need; and for the purpose of reaching these objectives and putting its strategies into action, the cooperation of all segments of society is necessary. In the other words, if the steps are to be taken toward the health promotion, certainly it will be better for all including the general physicians, who should improve their skills, go beyond of solely treating patients. They should enter into socio-economical scene and gain new experiences. The present article introduces the role that general physician have in the new movement for health promotion.

Introduction: Equitable geographical distribution of working personnel in health area is one of the determining elements of access level of people all walks of life to health services; and equitable distribution has an important role in materialization of long term objectives stipulated in country's long term perspectives on health sector. The purpose of the current research is to identify effective and instrumental elements affecting density of general physician and specialists’ ones in towns.Methods: This research is of analytical one and it had been done cross-sectional. The study population are all of the provinces whose data in 2006 are on the site of Iran's statistics center. 147 towns have been chosen randomly from the study population. In order to analyze the data, the ordinary least squares method and Eviews 6 software were used.Results: The findings showed that the most determining element affecting the density of general physician were respectively the urbanization proportion (-1.35), government hospital beds (0.37), private hospital beds (0.21) and the most determining element affecting the density of specialists physicain were respectively government hospital beds (0.75), private hospital beds (0.51) and the population rate (0.28).Conclusion: Higher density of gevernment and private health resources will lead to higher physician density in the area. Density of general physicians are impressible of instructions and circular of health ministry. In policy-making of physicians equitable distribution to take into consideration these points and also elastisity of physician density is efficient and essential.

Background: Job satisfaction of physicians in family physician team is considered as one of the important factors for health system. The aim of the present study was to compare the quality of work life (QoWL) in rural family physicians and general physicians with private clinics in Kurdistan province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 general physicians including 50 rural family physicians and 53 general physicians with private clinics in Kurdistan province in 2016. The data were collected using QoWL questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS, v. 16. Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were used to describe the data and to examine the relationship between the variables, T-test was run. Results: The QoWL of rural family physicians with a mean (SD) of 55 (7. 6) was higher than average scores. But QoWL of other general physicians with a mean (SD) of 47. 7 (13. 5) was lower than average scores. The results of t-test showed that there was a significant difference between QoWL of family physicians and other general physicians (t=82. 3, P=0. 001). In rural family physicians, there is a significant association between the QoWL and gender (t=2. 7, P=0. 009) as well as native status (t=2. 53, P=0. 004). In general physicians with private clinics, the QoWL of native physicians was higher than that of non-native physicians (t=4. 3, P=0. 001). Conclusion: The QoWL of rural family physicians is better than that of others general physicians, even though it is unsatisfactory in both studied groups. Therefore, improving the QoWL of rural family physicians, especially female and non-native rural family physicians, is recommended because promoting the rural family physicians' satisfaction can decrease the likelihood of turnover, and thus increase service quality and responsiveness, as a goal of the health system.