The paper intends to discuss about the property right security in Iran during 1925 – 2011 and its implications in terms of Iran’ s underdevelopment. Therefore, different variables are considered and discussed such as, rule of law, fight against corruption, the courts’ impartiality and independency, investment prospect and finally access to financial resources and loans. In this way, the assumption of the author is that undesired circumstances of the said elements in the above period have led to aggressions against property right, specially the property right of the production sector. This insecurity has caused growth of unproductive sector and increase in renrier sector; it has prevented any initiatives and entrepreneurship the result of which is underdevelopment of Iran.

Oil resources strategically have shown to have a major role in developing countries such as Iran. Entering of oil into the realm of Iranian social and political life and works has led to different results. This paper examines the relationship between political developments and oil industry in Iran with a "Renter State "approach model. Renter State model has utilized the theory of new utilitarianism. New utilitarian states have negative attitudes. This view is based on the government's actions all exchanges between authorities and their supporters. Here, the statesman or the benefits distributed directly among fans or by using a power law function to limit the market to make rent and for insiders and friends. In this framework, the social forces gain the benefits of getting involved in politics as a mediator or supporters of the system. However, this paper shows that political underdevelopment is the by product of being a renter state.

The main purpose of this research is to study the causes of Kashan underdevelopment tourism industry. The method of this research in terms of purpose is practical (applied) and data gathering is descriptive and solidarity type. The populations of this study include 260, all tourism managers and artisans working in Kashan tourism industry. Samples are selected by the use of Morgan Table and include 70 people. Sampling method is cluster sampling. The research made questionnaire was used for data collection. Face and content -related validity was obtained by using the available sources and connoisseurs’ opinions and their validity through tentative execution and calculation of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient for was calculated 88%.Findings indicated that information and advertising, development of transportation, coordination of related tourism organization and institutions as well as providing tourists facilities such as hotels - restaurants - exhibitions, are among the main important factors in the growth of tourism in this province.

It is more than a quarter of century that economic development has been discussed as a goal and better value in the western and eastern societies, developed and undeveloped. It is mostly determined based on following believes and requirements: - Economic development is a linear trend, assessable and with an infinite persistence- Fulfilling the development will ensure the social and political development Accepting such theories and pre-requirements and this point that fast development is the only way by which all society’s complications such as housing, nutrition, employment, training encountered in most undeveloped countries will be removed, resulted in ambitious objectives in developing countries. But evaluating the result of first decade of this policy by UN (1960-1970) as well as the social situation of countries which experienced fast development, indicates that there is no reciprocal and direct relation between discussed development and balanced development such that even it has heightened the social inequalities and increased internal conflicts in most developing countries. This indicates that development is not merely an economical event and in order to promote their developmental bases and to remove and reducing the imbalances and most economical, social and cultural problems, most societies need planning and knowing the possibilities and their current and potential resources more than past.

The main purpose of this research is to study the causes of Kashan underdevelopment tourism industry. The method of this research in terms of purpose is practical (applied) and data gathering is descriptive and solidarity type. The populations of this study include 260, all tourism managers and artisans working in Kashan tourism industry. Samples are selected by the use of Morgan Table and include 70 people. Sampling method is cluster sampling. The researcher’s made questionnaire was used for data collection. Facial and content -related validity was obtained by using the available sources and knowledgeable people’s opinions and their validity through tentative execution and calculation of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient 88%. Findings indicated that information and advertising, development of transportation, coordination of the related tourism organization as well as providing tourists with welfare conveniences such as hotels, restaurants and exhibitions are the main important factors in the growth of tourism in this province. Keywords: development, underdevelopment, tourism, Kashan. Findings indicated that information and advertising, development of transportation, coordination of the related tourism organization as well as providing tourists with welfare conveniences such as hotels, restaurants and exhibitions are the main important factors in the growth of tourism in this province.

It is essential to use all capabilities in order to create a sustainable and comprehensive development in Iran and also to substitute new resources of revenue for oil. In this regard tourism industry is introduced as a substantial need of the country which is the third growing economy after oil and car manufacturing industries. Therefore, it is critical to recognize the barriers of tourism industry development in the different regions of this country. In this research, four factors were recognized as barriers for tourism development which were (a) multiplicity of decision making in organizations, (b) advertisement, (c) poor infrastructure, and (d) weakness of tourism culture which is due to underdeveloped tourism industry in Zanjan province. These factors were identified by referring to the reports and interviewing with informants of Zanjan tourism industry. Four hypotheses were formulated to investigate how these factors were related to the underdeveloped tourism industry in the city. T-test, Friedman test, as well as qualitative techniques were used to gather data for the study. The obtained results showed that there was a direct relationship between two variables of multiplicity of decision making and weaknesses of tourism culture with underdevelopment of tourism industry in Zanjan province.

The central issue of Ashraf in reviewing Iran's history is to explain the historical obstacles of the formation of the capitalist system of the bourgeoisie and civil society. Ashraf to Description of the above problem has used the concepts of "Asian system" and "feudal system" in Marx's thoughts, and the concepts of “ Patrimonialism” and “ the Oriental City” in the sociology of Max Weber. As he has used the native concept of the "Muluk-al-Tawaiifi” to analyze some of the characteristics of the social and political life of the nomadic societies and their effects on social and political life of Iran. Ashraf, one of the representatives of the discourse of democratic and capitalist development pattern based on the role of the middle class or bourgeoisie. Ashraf's views on the historical barriers of Iranian society development are remarkable at three levels of political, social and economic interconnectedness. The dominance of Asian systems and the patrimonial and the Muluk al-Tawaiifi in the political arena, Nomadic, rural, and urban community associations in the social arena And the unity of the methods of agricultural production and handicrafts were the factors that Ashraf has raised as historical obstacles to the realization of feudalism and the growth of "national capitalism" in Iranian history.

In the explanatory attempts about the development and underdevelopment, the scholars and theorists have taken advantage of the different hypothesis. The theoretical traditions evolve simultaneously or in a replacing form have been expressed. Going through the competitive/challenging or interaction/complementary directions, these theories formed a verity of paradigms, which follows the similar or different premises. The dominant paradigms of development include several components which may be studied in different sources. These major components in the above paradigms are summarized as: 1) planning as a path for realization of development, 2) A necessity of going through the transient era, and 3) Inevitability of development. Addressing a range of theoretical arguments, this paper aims to problematize these axioms In this respect, present study propose the new hypothesis which some societies may never be developed It is claimed that facet of many societies may be trapped in the undevelopment.so, the development paradigms may require to experience a Copernican revolution.

Development is a dynamic, continuous and multi-dimensional concept and is accompanied by the general structure of the society and the necessity of usual transformation existing in that structure. Organizing the elements of the mentioned structure has so much importance that development finds its meaning in balance and coordination of different elements of the society. Kurdistan is one of the Undeveloped provinces that have always been struggling with the issues arose from its underdevelopment and unbalanced elements of the society. Therefore, the main goal of this research is recognition of causes of this province’ s underdevelopment using a sociological approach. In this regard, social interpretive approach by applying the grounded theory method and deep interviewing has been used to identify the causes. The results of this study include six main categories: economic, political, technological, social, cultural and ecological barriers. The core category of this study is uneven development that covers other categories. The data analysis results of the present research and the grounded model indicate that Kurdish people interpret the causes of underdevelopment as an inconsistent and uneven development that these irregular elements in their composition create unfair social relations and harms.