Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2010 | Volume:8 | Issue:3 (SERIAL NUMBER 31)|Papers Count:14

Background: Salmonella enteric a serotype Typhi is the causative pathogen of typhoid fever. Morbidity and mortality rates of the disease are 16x106 and 6x105 cases per year, respectively. Proper diagnosis of the disease and its suitable treatment have critical roles in morbidity and mortality reduction, especially in the developing countries. The traditional methods for detection of the organism are time consuming with low sensitivity. The aim of the present study is to design a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for rapid detection of the organism.Materials and methods: Target specific via B genes were used for primer designing using Gene runner software. PCR tests were sat up using the standard Salmonella typhi genome. Besides, specificity of the method was determined using negative control bacterial genomes. For construction of positive control, determination of sensitivity of the method and limit of the detection, PCR products were cloned in a pTZ57RT plasmid vector.Results: The agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products showed 441 bands for the via B genes. PCR tests for control negative genomes did not create any band on the agarose gel. Results of PCR, enzymatic digestion and sequencing confirmed the cloning process and the positive control construct.Conclusion: Considering the disadvantages of the classic methods for detection of the organism and the advantages of the molecular methods, the diagnostic kit proposes a suitable tool for rapid detection of the Salmonella typhi.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a complex disease with a broad spectrum of clinical features, usually divided into cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Plant extracts or plant-derived compounds are likely to provide a valuable source of new medicinal agents. In endemic countries, a number of traditional plants are commonly used to treat infectious conditions.Advances in the research of natural products for the treatment of leishmaniasis have been recently reviewed.To evaluate, anti-Leishmanial activity of three plant extracts on Leishmania major promastigotes as compared to a trivalent antimonial compound (tartar emetic), in vitro.Materials and methods: promastigote stages of L.major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were transferred to RPMI-1640 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and antibiotics then grown at 25±2oC. The biological activity of plant extracts in comparison to potassium antimonyl tartrate [Sb (III)] on L.major promastigotes were assessed by using a MTT assay. The optical density (OD) due to cleavage of the tetrazolium salt MTT [3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] into a colored product formazan by the parasite was measured by ELISA reader. The IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentrations) were determined, accordingly.All experiments were repeated in duplicate.Results: plant extracts and tartar emetic inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L.major in vitro after 72 hour of incubation and drug control had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.7mg/ml, and IC50 values of plant extracts Artemisia aucheri, Ferula asa-foetida and Gossypium hirsutum were 7.5, 5.9 and 3.6mg/ml, respectively. Although Gossypium hirsutum was more effective than others, but all extracts had profound effect on promastigotes of L.major.Conclusion: Plant extracts including Artemisia aucheri, Ferula asa-foetida and Gossypium hirsutum have anti-leishmanial effects in vitro. Further works are required to evaluate the exact effect of these extracts on Leishmania species in animal models.

Background: Arsenic is one of the most important current environmental toxicants. Arsenic is one of the biggest protein stress inducer in several organs and systems. One of the basic and sensitive criteria for followin g protein stress is assessing carbonyl and thiol groups of proteins. Therefore, we assessed protein stress that produced by sodium arsenite in chicken embryos by measur ing carbonyl and thiol proteins.Materials & Methods: After 4 days of incubation, 36 fertilized eggs were candled. The eggs that had alive embryos received a single injection of 0.1 and 0.5 ppm arsenite sodium in two separate groups of 12 eggs and the rest 12 (control group) received 0.5 ml saline into the yolk sac. After 20 days of incubation, teratogenicity and external defects in embryos were investigated. one ml of embryo blood was analyzed for assaying protein thiol and carbonyl as well. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16) with ANOVA test (tukey).Results: The mean of carbonyl protein was in 0.1 ppm group 0.835, 0.5 ppm group 0.844 and control group 0.804 and this change was significant and dose dependent. In addition, the mean of thiol protein was in 0.1 ppm group 0.053, 0.5 ppm group 0.014 and control group 0.054 and this change was also significant and dose dependent.Conclusion: The carbonyl and thiol protein alterations in serum of embryos exposed to arsenite sodium, suggest the embryo toxicity of this agent induction of plasma carbonyl and thiol protein stress.

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder specific for Childhood and juvenescent that disables and retards them in social relationship. The goal of this research is study Prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Iranian army Families children who live in military town Tehran In 2006 Materials and Methods: This Cross section description-analytical study was based on 327 person under 14 year old in Iranian army Families who live in Tehran military town. Data collection tools in this study was demographic form and Conser’s Parents questionnaire that completed after refer to their home and then the collected data was analyzed by SPSS14 software.Results: Mean age of the case was 8.5 year, averages of them were 19.1 of 20, the mean of sisters and brothers were 1.3.12.6% of the cases had scale of conser’s ADHD questionnaire.89.8% had disagreement index, 88.8% had cognitive disorder and 79.5% had hyperactivity indexes. ADHD in this study had a weak positive relationship with the number of brothers and sisters (Less than 5%). And also average number of the ADHD cases were less than other (P<0.05). The prevalence of disorder of daughters in this study was more than boys.Conclusion: The prevalence of ADHD in this study is according to others also in quality analysis characterized the given had lower average, more brothers and sister and were more girl-that disagree with before finding.

Background: Meningococcal meningitis is usually seen in overpopulated areas such as military barracks and causes high levels of mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to determine the role of vaccination as an interventional method in preventing this infection during 1981 to 2009 in Islamic Republic Of Iran Military Forces.Methods: In a cross-sectional, the related documents in three other projects, including the mortality rate in high risk populations, intervention by vaccination and its efficiency in the soldiers, were surveyed along with the epidemiological evidences found using advanced laboratory method.Results: The results indicated that the good vaccination has succeeded in protecting at risk groups with high levels of immunity. However, the vaccination accompanied with improved management of the patients resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate less than 0.1% by the end of 2008. Most of the patients who were at risk of meningitis were retired personals and their families. In addition, 35% of bacterial meningitis was due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.Discussion: The results of this research indicated that the prevalence of mortality decreased from 106 cases in 2001 to nearly zero in 2009 which is due to control of meningococcal meningitis by vaccination and shows its significant impact on infection reduction.

Background: staphylococcus aureus has emerged over the past several decades as a leading cause of hospital and community acquired infection. A significant component in the success has been its acquisition of antibiotic Resistant factors. We have developed a rapid and simplified approach for the strain characterization of staph. aureus on the basis of multilocussequence typing.Method and material: MLRFT for s. aureus involes amplification of seven house keeping gene locus.the amplicons are then digested directly with one or two restriction Enzyme and the restriction fragments are resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. These isolates had been additionally characterized for their susceptibilities to antibiotics.Results: MLRFT resolved 146 isolates into 19 RFT that 48 isolates have the same molecular patterns.Their susceptibilities to antibiotics were showed 90% resistance to methicillin.Conclusion: MLRFT provides convenient procedures for molecular epidemiology it requires minimal laboratory facilities and is relatively simple and inexpensive to perform.63% of cluster (24 isolates) take placed two fold cluster that 90% of them was resistant to methicillin, 55% belong to twofold cluster, there fore methicillin resistant isolates can transmit easily.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of the joints and also a main physical disorder in the elderly population. One third of people older than 65 years-old suffer from OA. It is predicted that by 2020, OA is the most frequently reported chronic condition among the elderly. The treatment includes drugs, physical therapy, and surgery. Massage therapy is an alternative treatment option to relieve the symptoms, which is not usually used for knee OA. As there are very few trials in the literature regarding knee OA treatment, this study is set to examine the effects of Swedish massage on knee OA.Materials and methods: In a randomized clinical controlled trial on the effect of massage therapy of the knee OA, 46 female adults (at least 35 years of age) with knee OA were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomized in one of the two groups: the experimental treatment group receiving the standard treatment (ultrasound, infrared and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) with Swedish massage and the control group who received the standard treatment only. Before and after the intervention, the pain and the quality of life were evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis index.Results: There were significant differences in the pain level and quality of life before and after the intervention (P<0.05). The findings showed significant improvement in the mean WOMAC and VAS scores in the two groups (P<0.001). The changes in VAS and WOMAC scores were compared between the two groups which demonstrated significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: Massage therapy is efficacious in the treatment of knee OA. It is recommended to combine this method with the other physiotherapy methods for knee OA.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the intensity of pain and hemodynamic changes during propofol injection when pretreatment is performed with ephedrine and lidocaine.Materials and Methods: In a randomized double blind clinical trial (IRCT: 2766) in Shahid Rajaee Hospital during the year 2009, 99 patients with ASA physical status I and II, aged 20 to 50 years were recruited.The patients were planned to undergo elective surgeries under general anesthesia and had no history of cardiocascular, neurologic, or allergic diseases. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups to receive 40mg intravenous lidocaine (group L), 30mg/kg ephedrine (group E) or 2ml normal saline (group P).After one minute, 2mg/kg propofol was injected into a dorsal hand vein. Pain was assessed using face pain scale (FPS). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were also recorded before induction, just before intubation, and one minute after intubation.Results: Hemodynamic changes and also the incidence and intensity of pain in group L were less than the other groups. The patients in group L had significantly lower FPS compared with group P (P=0.004) and patients in group E had lower FPS compared with group P; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.247).Conclusion: Pretreatment with a small dose of ephedrine (30mg/kg) reduces the incidence and intensity of propofol induced pain. Although lidocaine is more effective, ephedrine results in a more stable hemodynamic status.

from the economic importance, rodents can play an important role in distribution of some infectious diseases, called Rodent borne diseases. These diseases are also considered as zoonosis. Some of these diseases can transmitted from other animals to humans, but rodents considered as the reservoir host of Rodent borne diseases. Knowledge on rodents’ reservoir and their distributions will pro vide a clue for people who work in the field such as farmers and soldiers.The importance of rodents and plague has been uncovered to people particularly in wartime. The experiences of the Imposed War also indicated the widespread of exposure of fully trained military units to cutaneous leishmaniasis; it was due to the trench construction and destruction of rodent borrows and nests near the endemic areas in Shoosh (hills of Do-salak). Apart from the name Do-salak, which refer to the endemicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Persian word, there are other diseases indicate the role of rodents reservoirs during the wartime such as plague, tick- borne relapsing fever, murine typhus and some parasitic diseases. However, the prevention of such diseases should be started in peacetime with increase in knowledge particularly in geography and biology of rodents among peers and practitioners who work in the military medicine teams.Although a Comprehensive study that had conducted by Etemad in 1977, provided a baseline information in Iran, but there is still need for updating the information. The aim of this study is mapping the distribution of 17 important species rodents using ArcGIS software. In this approach, we provided distribution maps for 17 medically important species of rodents in the country.

Background: Actinomycosis is a slow growing infection due to gram positive, anaerobic, or microaerophilic bacteria.Case-report: A 19 years old man with foot pain witch has a history of trauma last year Trauma caused a mild erythema swelling & tendernss and heald spontenously. After one year he had foot pain during playing football. He didn’t have fever. cell counts were normal and the MRI had abnormal signal in medial portion of left foot and bone and soft tissue inflammation. In culture from operation room actinomyces species growed Discussion: The patient didn’t have mycetoma triad and actinomyces probably due to foreign body (wood) peneterated.This disease is rare & reported to increase knowledge of the system.