JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL THEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Year:2008 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (34)|Papers Count:12

It is generally supposed that from the beginning of his inquiries, Newton applied a special method in his scholarly researches on the nature and his two influential works, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and Optics, are the product of applying such a.method. However, Einstein has warned us that if want to know the physicists' methods, we should pay attention to their actions not ta their speeches. Keeping his warning in view, the author firstly attempts to evaluate Newton's scientific methodology appeared in the different editions of his Optics. Secondly, he tries to present what Newton has done in reality, which divulges the contradictions between what he has expressed and what he has done, and which reveals that there weren't any set of methodological principles in the beginning.

No doubt life in its forms enjoys a very high status in Islam. God Himself is characterised as "the Living". Among the creature, human life is one of the most sacred ones and has the potentiality of becoming the most sacred one. As a result, great attention had been attached to human life to the extent that the respect for human life starts much earlier than actual birth and this continues to the period after death.Though the main aspect of human reality is the spirit, this respect extends to the body as well. Human life must be regulated according to divine instructions, that is, to its best and towards a fully human one.Therefore, it must be appreciated, respected and protected.In this paper, I will study how this protection is regulated in Islamic law and bioethics and what the difference between the legal and the ethical approaches is. Maintenance of physical health and treatment' of the sick are two important aspects of Islamic teachings in this regard. In respect to the beginning of human life, firstly we will see that reproduction must occur in the context of a legitimate and stable family.Secondly we will see how abortion is viewed in Islamic law and bioethics.In respect to the end of life, issues such as heath, suicide and euthanasia will be studied.

Examining his works, the paper is on attempt to analyze Karl Raimund Popper's views on the philosophy of social science. It first presents briefly his life, concerns and problems as well as introduces those great men who influenced on his opinions, such as Socrates, Kant, Hayek, etc. Next, it explains Popper's opinion on the single method in the natural and social sciences. Still next, it offers Popper's criticism on inductivists. Then, it propounds the suggested solutions and mentions their faults. The author tries to discuss Popper' philosophical problems in detail and present them in a clear way.

In the exposition of man's reality and the interpretation of mutual: Relation of soul and body, today's human beings are no less astonishment than those in the age of Plato. In the present age, although there has been provided the background of scientific research, the materialistic tendencies ore found more than before. The main reasons of such a thing are the inadequacy of philosophical concepts and the failure of suggested arguments. Mulla Sadra's views on the reality of man as well as the journey of the soul from being corporeal in origination to being spiritual in subsistence are more consistent with what is propounded in the domain of philosophy of mind, and thus they are more useful in solving different problems.

Grief, from the beginning, has been among themes which have seen some stages and developments. The first causes of emerging grief are the Koranic verses and the prophetic Hadiths concerning the otherworldly punishment, with which Muslims are intimidated. Foremost, grief was the spiritual and inner reaction of the Prophet Muhammad's Companions Known as 'the weepers'. During the first century, such a thing was considered more and more as a result of political and social crises; subsequently, the concept of grief as a spiritual heritage transmitted from the early devouts to the Muslim mystics. When this concept was discussed by the Muslim mystics, they affirmed some degrees for it as well as described its inner causes including fear, contraction and awe. The present article deals with such factors and its developments.

Today, phenomenology, hermeneutical phenomenology, and philosophical hermeneutics are increasingly considered as methodologies of research. However, there are some obscurities ambiguities in certain aspects of these methodologies. Examining the philosophical foundations of the above-mentioned methodologies, the present paper deals with the main similarities and differences of them; and finally, it highlights the differences of these approaches from a methodological viewpoint.

big Bang theory is a theory in cosrnology from which scientistic deists have inferred theistic conclusions. The author examines the above-mentioned theory and the rival theories and tries t8 explicate the influence of this theory on the theological -arguments.Presupposing that one should avoid drawing theological conclusions from the scientific theories, the author holds that the flash-like progresses in the two sciences of physics and cosmology in the 20th century have enforced the spiritual attitude to the world, so that this century has been a successful period in iespect of connection between the religious propositions and the scientific ones.

Although the climate of dialogues between Abu Sa'id and Avicenna on Logic is foggy and there are deubts on the meeting of these two great men, which demands more studies- what is more important is to pay attention to the content of the diaI6gues. In other words, it is worthy of more attention -to discuss on Abu Sa'id's questions and Avicenna's oral or Written responses as wen LS the latter thinkers' approaches. Therefore the author in this paper seeks to deals with the above-mentioned points, particularly with six suggested answers andto show that some of those are coo eel but some others, incorrect.

Schools of thought or darsanas of Hindu philosophy can be classified into two groups: theistic systems and non-theistic ones. For example, the two Nyaya and Vedanta schools are among the theistic systems, which have given arguments to prove the existence of God. Some of these arguments are corresponding to the Islamic and Western arguments for the existence of God, while some others have been presented concerning the Hindu doctrines and culture. At the same time, these arguments have been attacked and rejected by rival schools, some of which are considered as the theistic schools. The present paper is going to enumerate the most important arguments as well as their related criticisms and to draw an outline of the discussions for the Persian-language readers rather than to deal with a detailed examination, or to involve in the rejection or acceptance of the proofs.

Referring briefly to the appearance of the, Greek word 'Logos', this article presents the different senses of the term 'logos' as used in Greek, Jewish and Christian philosophy and theology as well as by those thinkers at the contemporary times. In Greek usage, it means 'word', 'speech', and 'reason'. In Jewish theologians' employment, in particular Philo, the Logos figuratively means 'prophet', 'apostle'. And in Christian theology, it refers to the word' of God incarnate in Jesus, and often identified with the ‘second person' of the Trinity. Finally in the contemporary age, Logos has different meanings: Hegel used it in the meaning of 'spirit'; in Derrida's usage it denotes 'writing' ; and inTillich's, 'manifestation of God.