JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2008 | Volume:41 | Issue:2 (161)|Papers Count:11

Like sentences, combination of words is the main part of syntax in Persian language as well as in Russian language and plays an important role in sentence structures of these languages. Combination of words in Russian language is divided into three categories: verbal combinations, nominal and adverbial combinations. The writers of this article have studied combination of verbs in Russian language and their translation in Persian language.

Following the formation of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great and its extension by Darius I, from Indus River in India to Nile in Egypt, Persian kings felt that there is a need to use an international language to be understandable by all nations of this great empire. This need was greater when they sent orders and messages to these different nations. When Darius I defeated his enemies and suppressed the revolts; ordered for the Bistun inscription to be written in three languages; Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian. Since few provinces in South western Iran and Mesopotamia were familiar with these languages, he ordered for the translation of this document to Aramic language which was understood by a large number of people in the Persian Empire. He also continued to do so for his royal orders and other documents. The writer of this article has studied the history of Aramic language and its extension before the formation of the Persian Empire, based on the documents found from this period. He has also searched for this language as an official language of that period based on the same documents.

Since motion verbs of Russian language are one of those complex issues in Russian language syntax, Iranian students who are learning Russian language face problems when learning this grammatical category. These problems in learning appear in two stages. a)The stage of learning and understanding the meaning of these verbs in the Russian language itself; b) The stage of transition of these verbs from Russian language into Persian language when translating texts into Persian. It seems that the difficulties regarding the learning of these verbs are related to the structural, semantic and syntactical differences between these two languages. The writer of this article has studied these verbs and the related difficulties when translating texts from Russian into Persian language.

The major aim of this article is to determine the role of culture in perceptual learning style (PLS) preferences of Iranian English learners, in order to minimize teacher-student style conflict in the classroom. To do this, 400 university students from different fields of study were selected from Allameh Tabatabaee University in Tehran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were asked to answer Reid's questionnaire (1987) which was designed to specify 6 types of learning styles including: visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, individual and group. The results indicated that: (a) the subjects mostly drew on tactile and kinesthetic styles and had the least preference for the individual style of learning. (b) No meaningful association was found between gender, age, proficiency and preference for certain style.

One of the most important concerns of Persian Language and Literature Academy (Farhangestaan) has been creating words in the specialized and general areas in different periods. The third Academy has started word creation with the general area. Since word making belongs to the area of morphology, it should follow its special principles. The writer of this paper presents the principles of morphology first, and then studies some newly created words by the Academy to see their deviance/accordance from/with these principles.

In recent decades, Persian language dialects are also changing along with the language itself. So, recording the social characteristics of these dialects is of great importance. The results of these studies can be used in social and educational policies, language planning and comparative studies of dialectology. The writers of this article study the social characteristics of family and gender expressions in Gilaki dialect.

When studying Russian morphology, one can distinguish two categories. These categories are "grammatical" and "lexico-grammatical". Grammatical categories can be specified through a series of grammatical features of words. Considering different criteria, Russian grammarians and linguists divide grammatical categories of their language into different types. In determining lexico-grammatical types, in addition to a series of grammatical features, they also consider a series of lexico-semantic features as well. The lexica-grammatical type is determined in the different forms of parts of speech.

For many linguists and scholars, the criterion of eloquence in Arabic language is based upon the two elements of language and place and they have ignored internal criteria of words, internal order, kinds of letters, collocations, assonance, dissonance and the power of their impact. The fact is that, linguists and the scholars of eloquence were of different opinions about words. It means that linguists noticed to the beauty and correctness of words, while scholars of eloquence were considering both the combinations and fluency of words and letters.

The existence of passive makers in Kurdish language, similar to that of ancient Iranian languages can be very helpful in linguistic studies, language change and finding the nature of passive structures in modem Iranian languages such as Persian. The writers of this article have found a passive maker in Kurdish language and its dialects such as Sorani, Ardalani, Kalhori, Ilami and Horami that like ancient Iranian languages is added to the verb root to form passive structures. This morpheme in Kurdish language appears as /ya/ and /ya^/ which is similar to /ya/ in ancient Iranian languages.

Irony is a technique in figurative language which is very common in the works of Mahdi Akhavaan Saales and can be considered as a prominent feature in his style. Although irony is used as a common technique by many Iranian writers, many critics have not studied it fully. The author of this article studies irony in the works of Mahdi Akhavaan Saales.