Political Quarterly
Year:2015 | Volume:45 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:15

Political Islam is the only active religion discourse in the world claiming to have program for Religion and the Muslim world and to achieve this goal it must gain political power. From its existence the dialogue has triggered different experiences in Islamic countries. The most important victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood movement was to seize power in 2011 in a democratic way. Islamic Revolution in Iran could have been hegemon in the minds and language of people, But Muslim Brotherhood has a history of more combat power during activity which always has failed. To find the reason of success for Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the failure of the Muslim Brotherhood movement between the years 2011-2013 as two identical understanding of political Islam, is the purpose of the present paper. The question raised in this situation is: what are the advantages of political Islam dialogue in Iran that lack of them for The Muslim Brotherhood movement has caused a failure to gain political power? The findings of the present paper, gained based on Laclau, and Mouffe's discourse analysis, indicate that since the Muslim Brotherhood movement emphasizes on eclectic knowledge, has no evidence of superior leader like Imam Khomeini, and has no signs of the supreme leadership and the inability to control structural power centers, Failed to gain political developments in Egypt during the 2011-2013, and failed to maintain its sovereignty in the political arena facing with military crises and ultimately has pushed into margin.

Political Islam is the only active religion discourse in the world claiming to have program for Religion and the Muslim world and to achieve this goal it must gain political power. From its existence the dialogue has triggered different experiences in Islamic countries. The most important victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood movement was to seize power in 2011 in a democratic way. Islamic Revolution in Iran could have been hegemon in the minds and language of people, But Muslim Brotherhood has a history of more combat power during activity which always has failed. To find the reason of success for Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the failure of the Muslim Brotherhood movement between the years 2011-2013 as two identical understanding of political Islam, is the purpose of the present paper. The question raised in this situation is: what are the advantages of political Islam dialogue in Iran that lack of them for The Muslim Brotherhood movement has caused a failure to gain political power? The findings of the present paper, gained based on Laclau, and Mouffe's discourse analysis, indicate that since the Muslim Brotherhood movement emphasizes on eclectic knowledge, has no evidence of superior leader like Imam Khomeini, and has no signs of the supreme leadership and the inability to control structural power centers, Failed to gain political developments in Egypt during the 2011-2013, and failed to maintain its sovereignty in the political arena facing with military crises and ultimately has pushed into margin.

The enemies of I.R of Iran have problematized its nuke activities as a new allegation against it. Because the case took 10 years and the probability of war against Iran, it necessitates understanding the behaviors of the parties and foreseeing their future deeds. In this article, combining Operational Code Analysis and Games Theory (theory of move and acceleratory game), we would evaluate the possible future of the conflict between Iran and the group 5+1. Also we added some innovations to the game theory under the shadow of the method of operational code analysis. It concludes that historically Iran has learned to keep the status quo pessimistically and to risk less. Although the rival has the same attitude, it ought to take initiative, to pave the way and to lead the current deadlock state to solution (the improvement of the conditions of negotiations), because it is more powerful and potentially more risky.

During the last few years, IR scholars in Iran have been called to develop International Relations theories from an Iranian point of view. This article seeks to examine the structural context within which such an attempt is going to be made. The five components of this context have been recognized: the international position of Iran, basic Islamic/Iranian sources, dynamism of IR community in Iran, political context, and intellectual autonomy. An evaluation of this structural context suggests that even if theorizing IR from an Iranian point of view is both possible and preferable, this cannot be done unless structural constraints are overcome.

The main purpose of this article is studing UN’s actions to counter International Terrorism giving to development of it after cold war. We are going to answer the question in descriptive-analtical way That what was UN’s practical actions to counter IT and weather it was successful. To answer the main question of this article first we will diccuss the development of Terrorism after cold war and new features and caracterstics it gets, second we will diccuss the UN’s actions to counter Terrorism and then we will evaluate weather these actions are successful or not and then we will revise the challenges that this organization face and eventually we come to conclution.

The Alsace-Lorraine region in France has been at the center of many fateful events, such as two World Wars, due to its distinct geographical placement between two important European countries – that is, France and Germany. The identity of the Alsace-Lorraine population has had many links with Germany because of geographical, linguistic and historical features that the two share. Moreover, throughout history, France and Germany have attempted to reinforce their sovereignty over this region. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine historical events that have had an impact on the formation of a distinct identity in Alsace-Lorraine, as well as relevant political, social and cultural elements that have been influential in the formation of such an identity in order to understand the position of this region and the demands of its population.

The multilateral trading system as a sub-system of the present international system from Its beginning as GATT in 1947, after Scond World War, until now have been criticized by different countries. With the conversion of GATT into the WTO in 1994, not only dissatisfaction of the countries with the performance of multilateral trading system have not gone away, but in many cases also have increased. Furthermore, alongside governments, civil society criticized the unjust performance of the system. This has raised the question of what factors have led to unfair performance of the multilateral trading system and questioned legitimacy of WTO as its management entity? This paper Given that the structural factors such as the lack of universal membership, the undemocratic nature of the decision making process, Unfair distribution of benefits & lack of efficient methods for adjudication are the main causes of unfair performance of the multilateral trading system, deal with this issue.

Since 1962 and despite a lot of changes in American policies and international political system during these years, U.S foreign policy toward Cuba was fixed and based on containment and pressuring on its government. Power of Cuban lobby is one of the most important reasons of this matter. Sources of power and the way this lobby was formed, its political agenda and considerable successes in U.S foreign policy, the reason of importance of Cuban lobby and Cuban-American in domestic politics of the United States, current U.S politics toward Cuba and prospect on Cuban lobby in U.S politics are mentioned in this essay. Actually, a small group of Cuban-American with internal solidarity and specific objects effects U.S foreign policy toward Cuba and conducts it in favorite direct.

Politics as a new concept in Iran is a subject that has involved various classes, statifications & groups. It has embraced different areas of Iranians’ living. For existing researches have studied classes, Iilat & some groups in Iran’s political sociology, this research studies a group that political literature don’t give pay attention to that or belong on social history and very hard to study its political behavior. However the main question of the present essay is studding of political behavior of doctors of medicine & presence of them as interest group in & on Iran’s politics. Generally, the presence of medicine (doctors) in politics environment have been because of new developments in politics, social status, attention of society to them & some accidents, the luck of the game. The presence in new politics of Iran has been started in Qajar era. The most feature of the period was use of medical concepts for general understanding of political concepts in Iran. In the first Pahlavid, medicine tried to influence on politics & did not participate in that. In the time, medicine was a new job and an instrument for modernization. Medicine tried to introduce itself as necessary job with a high level in the society of Iran. In the 1940- 1980 decade, they participated in politics as prime minister, minister, MP & opposition. The essay tries to explain the hypothesis with statistical indicators to show relationship between medicine & politics. On the whole, medicine couldn’t affect politics similar to engineers.

Politics as a new concept in Iran is a subject that has involved various classes, statifications & groups. It has embraced different areas of Iranians’ living. For existing researches have studied classes, Iilat & some groups in Iran’s political sociology, this research studies a group that political literature don’t give pay attention to that or belong on social history and very hard to study its political behavior. However the main question of the present essay is studding of political behavior of doctors of medicine & presence of them as interest group in & on Iran’s politics. Generally, the presence of medicine (doctors) in politics environment have been because of new developments in politics, social status, attention of society to them & some accidents, the luck of the game. The presence in new politics of Iran has been started in Qajar era. The most feature of the period was use of medical concepts for general understanding of political concepts in Iran. In the first Pahlavid, medicine tried to influence on politics & did not participate in that. In the time, medicine was a new job and an instrument for modernization. Medicine tried to introduce itself as necessary job with a high level in the society of Iran. In the 1940- 1980 decade, they participated in politics as prime minister, minister, MP & opposition. The essay tries to explain the hypothesis with statistical indicators to show relationship between medicine & politics. On the whole, medicine couldn’t affect politics similar to engineers.

Asking about the relation of religion and modernity has been always reflected by scholars, and answering it has formed different approaches, especially from the last parts of Qajar monarchy. The intellectual approach follows originality of modernity and complete transition from tradition. In contrast, The traditional approach believes in following the tradition of predecessors and independence of religion from the modern world. There is another approach among the clergy of seminary which is called "The new thought of Seminary", meanwhile, accreditation to traditional principles of the seminary, emphasizes on the reconstruction of this tradition of thought in the light of concepts, questions and new requirements, social and religious criticism, combination of tradition and modernity, The social role of religion and political position of seminary scholars in the the modern world. This article examined the political - religious thought of new thought clergy by intentional hermeneutic method, particularly the case study of Ayatollah Morteza Motahari, that affected by political changes in contemporary history of iran. Based on the achievements of research, new thought in Ijtihad, clergy leadership, divine philosophy, religious revivalism and the Religious Democracy are most important indicators of the current of new thought of Seminary.

Utopia is the society that man has always sought to establish; an ideal, hoped-for society that any human would desire and long for; a place where all people live together happily, in health, and free from paucity or ignorance. The idealism in seeking the establishment of the utopian, ideal government that corresponds such idealistic prospects has ceaselessly occupied thinkers’ minds. Muslim thinkers of the Islamic philosophy have made great attempts to bring about Utopia. Farabi and Nasir al-Din Tusi are among the thinkers that theorized Utopia and paved the way for major developments either in philosophy, legislation, and theory, or in practical and governmental areas. Farabi mainly rests on philosophy and brings philosophical and theoretical discussions in his sketches of Utopia. Nasir al-Din, on the other hand, depicts a Utopia with practical, legislative features; in his theory of Utopia, he has developed a Shiite theory of Imamat through some philosophical-theological debates. The present study discusses that, despite the commonality that stems from the dissemination of Farabi’s model of Utopia to that of Tusi, the two thinkers remain distinct; one in his philosophical and theoretical approach and the other in his practical, legislative thinking.

There is no consensus, among scholars of political science, about political thought of Machiavelli (Machiavellianism) and its relationship to his real character. Some have considered him, pro-militarism, pro-authoritarianism and pro-pragmatism while others believe him to be realistic, pragmatic and a public-good pro. In this paper, Machiavelli's political philosophy has been initially studied, to be cleared whether he intended to present a general theory or a particular theory of his time-specific. Impact of these thoughts on one of the twentieth century’s totalitarian movements has also been examined. Now this study is formed around the question; 1) If bases and principles of Fascism, one of the totalitarianisms, are rooted in the Machiavellianism? The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of Machiavellianism on the formation of Fascism by looking at the books "The Prince" and "Mein Kampf", It has been tried to take steps towards analyzing the issue by analyzing these two works according to the qualitative content analysis method. Article assumption is; Machiavellianism theoretical concepts underlie the principles and bases of Fascism. Though could not be explicitly said that Machiavellianism implications and Fascism concepts are the same, but there are signs of the influence of Machiavellianism on the concepts of Fascism.